APPROACHES Flashcards
behaviourist approach
- studies behaviour that can be observed.
- Rejected wundt and introspection.
- Used labs studies and beleive all behaviour is learnt. - - Classical and operant conditioning
classical conditioning
pavlov looked at association and how dogs could be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell if it was repeatedly shown with food. Bell neutral stimulus became the conditioned stimulus and produced conditioned response of salivating through associating the bell with food the unconditioned stimulus.
operant conditioning
- skinner’.
- behaviour is shaped by concequences.
- Positive reinforcemnt, negative and punishment
positive reinforcement
recieving award when a certain behaviour is performed
negative reinforcement
avoids something unpleasant so the outcome is positive.
punishment
unpleasant consequence of behaviour
social learning theory
behaviour that includes direct and indirect reinforcment combing learning theory with cognitive factors
vicarious reinforcement
learning takes place through observing behaviour of others and if it is reinforced.
mediational processes
- attention 2. retention 3. motor reproduction 4. motivation
more likely to copy others if…
they identify with them (role model).
bandura reasearch
recorded the behaviour of young children who watched an adult behave in an aggressive way towards a bobo doll. These children then played aggressively towards the doll then those who saw the non aggressive adults.
freud little hans supports …
his theory opedius complex and psychosexual stages
little hans procedure…
- Longitudinal study 3 years until 5
- qualitative data collected by fathers observations and conversations with son
- developed fear of horses
- had lots of dreams and fantasies which led to fears
little hans results
- oepedius complex led to subconscious fear of father . - This manifested into fear of horses.
- The final family fantasy was interpreted as the resolution of the Oedipus Complex.
little hans conclusions
Freud concluded that the study of Little Hans provided support for his theory of psychosexual development and childhood sexuality, including the idea that boys in the phallic stage experience the Oedipus complex. He concluded phobias are caused by unconscious anxiety being displaced onto harmless external objects.
little hans AO3
- deterministic
- in depth qualitative data
- lack objectivity
- infomred consent
- case study
bandura study on vicarious reinforcment
3 groups one saw adult be praised for behaviour one saw them punished and one say no reinforcement. First group showed more aggression.
psychodynamic approach defintion
desribes the different forced mostly unconscious that operate on mind and direct human behaviour
role of unconscious
freud suggested our mind is mostly made up of the unconscious which influences our behaviour and personality. The unconscious contains threatening and dangerous memeories that are repressed but accessed through dreams.
Parts of mind psychodynamic
conscious, pre conscious and unconscious
structure of personality
id, ego and superego
id role
pleasure principle present at birth needs instant gratification
ego role
reality principle mediator between id and superegeo . employs defence mechanisms.
superego role
morality principle formed in phallic stage around age of 5 internalises morals of parent
psychosecual stages
oral, anal, phallic,latency, genital
oral stage
0-1 years focus of pleasure is mouth oral fixation: smoking, biting nails, critical
anal stage
1-3 years focus of pleasure is anus anal fixation: perfectionist, obsessive, messy
phallic stage
focus of pleasure is genital area opedius and electra complex phallic personality: narcissistic reckless
latency stage
earlier conflicts repressed
genital stage
sexual desires become conscious
humanistic approach defintion
understands behaviour that emphasises the importance of subjective experience and each persons capacity for self determinination. Maslow and Rogers. Person centred approach subjective
free will HA
people are affected by external and internal influences but also active agents who determine own development.
Maslow Heirachy of needs
primary goal is to self actualise. Order Physiological needs, safety, love and belonginess, esteem and self actualisation.
self actualisation
innate desire to reach full potential. All lower levels must be met before it can occur .
rogers humanistic approach
argued that for personal growth an individuals idea of self must be in congruence with their ideal self. If a too big gap exists this is a state of incongruence. So rogers developed client centred therapy to close gap.
client centred therapy
many issues of low self esteem come from childhood due to lack of unconditional positve regard. Parents give conditions of worth. rogers provides his clients with unconditional positive regard that they didnt recieve as a child.
behaviourist approach AO3
- nurture
- reductionist s-r
- lab studies objective
- deterministic environmental operant conditioning
- RLA token economy
psychodynamic approach AO3
- RLA psychoanalysis councelling
- untestable comcepts
- psychic determistism
HUMASTIC approach AO3
- not reductionist
- holistic
- positive
- western cultural bias
- not scientific
emergence of behaviourism strengths
removed subjectiveness of introspection and mental processes.
little albert
watson + rayner wanted to establsih wether an infant could be conditioned to fear an animal. At first Albert showed no fear of the rat but did show fear when loud noise occured. Then both rat and noise occured. albert associated the two together and caused fear of rats.
skinner puzzle boxed showed
learning could be controlled by reward
Behaviourism AO3
- well controlled research
- evironmental reductionist
- real world application token economy
- ethical issues
- role of others
SLT AO3
- recognises cognitive factors
- lack of biological factors
- lab studies demand characteristics
- real world app media
- reciprocal determinism
psychodynamic AO3
- real world app psychotherapy
- draws attention to effect of childhood and later development
- untestable
- psychic determinsim
humanistic AO3
- not reductionist holistic
- not scientific
- positive focuses on indiviudal
- cultural bias
- limited application
- loose set of abstract ideas
Behaviourism summary
- classical
- operant
- lab studies
slt summary
- vicarious reinforcement
- mediational processes (attention, retention, reproductin and motivation)
- identification and imitation
psychodynamic summary
- id, ego , superego
- oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
- defence mechanism: repression, displacement and denial
humanistic summary
- free will
- maslow hierachy of needs: psychological needs, safety and security, love and belomgness, self esteem and self actualisation
- client centred therapy
