COGNITION AND DEVLOPMENT

Question 1

Schema

Answer 1

mental framework of beliefs that infleunce cognitive processes . How the world is represned in the mind of the individual.

Question 2

me schema

Answer 2

child knowledge of themselves

Question 3

piaget states … drives learning

Answer 3

motivation

Question 4

disequillibrium

Answer 4

when our existing schema dont allow us to make sense of something new so feel at unease

Question 5

accomadation

Answer 5

child adjusts by changing current schema or forming new ones

Question 6

assimilation

Answer 6

add new information to existing schema

Question 7

sensorimotor stage of intellectual development

Answer 7

0-2 years focus on physical sensations and learn by trial and error. Develop object permanence by 8 months.

Question 8

pre operational stage of intellectual development

Answer 8

2-7 years. Lacks adult reasoning cant understand class inclusion, conservation or egocentrism

Question 9

concrete operations intellectual development

Answer 9

7-11 years. develop egocentrism, conservation and class inclusion

Question 10

formal operations intellectual development

Answer 10

11+. Capable of formal reasoning so focus on argument and can do syllogisms.

Question 11

egopcentrism

Answer 11

see world only from one view point 3 mountain task

Question 12

class inclusion

Answer 12

idea that objects fall into categories and subsets . Dogs and cats expoeriment

Question 13

conservation

Answer 13

quantity stays same even if object chaneges

Question 14

vygotsky

Answer 14

cognitive development was a social process of learning from experienced others. Knowledge is first intermental then intramental

Question 15

zone of proximal development

Answer 15

gap between current level of development and what they can potenially understandafter interaction.

Question 16

scaffolding

Answer 16

the help of adults Bruner and ross looked at this

Question 17

wood, bruner and ross scaffolding

Answer 17

demostration, preparation for child, indication of materials, verbal instruction and general prompts

Question 18

perspective taking

Answer 18

appreciate a social situation from another perspective.

Question 19

selman persepctive taking study

Answer 19

30 girls 30 boys. 20 4 ,5 and 6 year olds. given scenarios such as cat in tree

Question 20

selman stages of development

Answer 20

stage 0 egocentric 
stage 1 social informational
stage 2 self reflective
stage 3 mutual
stage 4 social and conventional system

Question 21

stage 0 egocentric SELMAN

Answer 21

3-6 years a child cant distinguish between their own emotions and those of others.

Question 22

stage 1 social informatiomal SELMAN

Answer 22

6-8 years. child can tell difference between their viewpoint and others but only focus on one

Question 23

stage 2 self reflective SELMAN

Answer 23

8-10 years. Can put themselves in others shoes but can only take on one viewpoitn at a time

Question 24

stage 3 mutual SELMAN

Answer 24

10-12 years. look at their viewpoint and others at same time

Question 25

stage 4 social and conventional system

Answer 25

12+ understanding others viewpoints is not enough to allow people to reach agreement so social conventions are needed

Question 26

3 aspects to social development SELMAN

Answer 26

1. interpersonal understanding
2. interpersonal negotiation strategies
3. awareness of personal meaning of relationships

Question 27

theory of mind

Answer 27

our personal understanding of what other people are thinking or feeling

Question 28

meltzoff TOM

Answer 28

provided evidence proving toddlers have TOM as the y watched adults place beads into a jar one condition adults dropped some and other they dropped none so the toddler didnt drop any as they imitated what the adult intended to do.

Question 29

false belief tasks

Answer 29

sally anne study

Question 30

sally anne study baron-cohen situation

Answer 30

sally places marble in her basket anne moves marble to her box and the children have to work out where sally will look for marble.

Question 31

baron-cohen procedure

Answer 31

20 autistic children 27 non autistic and 14 downsyndrome

Question 32

baron-cohen findings

Answer 32

85% of children in control groups correctly answered but only 4 autistic children could

Question 33

another test for TOM

Answer 33

eye task

Question 34

mirror neurons

Answer 34

fire in response to personal action and actions of others may allow us to interpret intention and emotion of others

Question 35

rizzolatti MR

Answer 35

studying electrical activity in monkeys motor cortex monkeys motor cortex activated when researcher was eating.

Question 36

gallese and goldman MR

Answer 36

suggest mirror neurons respond to observed actions and intentions of tothers

Question 37

mirror neurone role in perspective tajing

Answer 37

imp for social cognitive functions eg. TOM

Question 38

mirror neurons and autism

Answer 38

Oberman proposed broken mirror theory of autism.

Question 39

oberman

Answer 39

dysfunction in mirror neuron system in autistic children so cant imitate or undertsand social behaviours.

Question 40

AO3 piaget cog devlopment

Answer 40

• Howe
• real world app
• underestimated role of others

Question 41

AO3 piaget intellectual development

Answer 41

• McGarrigle and Donaldson
• hughes
• domain general

Question 42

AO3 vygotsky

Answer 42

• Roazzu abd Bryant
• conner and cross
• real world app

Question 43

Selman AO3

Answer 43

• Selman found positive correlations between age and ability to take perspective
• bullies can take persepctive not key elemebt in social development
• overaly cognitive
• nature or nutture