COGNITION AND DEVLOPMENT Flashcards
Schema
mental framework of beliefs that infleunce cognitive processes . How the world is represned in the mind of the individual.
me schema
child knowledge of themselves
piaget states … drives learning
motivation
disequillibrium
when our existing schema dont allow us to make sense of something new so feel at unease
accomadation
child adjusts by changing current schema or forming new ones
assimilation
add new information to existing schema
sensorimotor stage of intellectual development
0-2 years focus on physical sensations and learn by trial and error. Develop object permanence by 8 months.
pre operational stage of intellectual development
2-7 years. Lacks adult reasoning cant understand class inclusion, conservation or egocentrism
concrete operations intellectual development
7-11 years. develop egocentrism, conservation and class inclusion
formal operations intellectual development
11+. Capable of formal reasoning so focus on argument and can do syllogisms.
egopcentrism
see world only from one view point 3 mountain task
class inclusion
idea that objects fall into categories and subsets . Dogs and cats expoeriment
conservation
quantity stays same even if object chaneges
vygotsky
cognitive development was a social process of learning from experienced others. Knowledge is first intermental then intramental
zone of proximal development
gap between current level of development and what they can potenially understandafter interaction.
scaffolding
the help of adults Bruner and ross looked at this
wood, bruner and ross scaffolding
demostration, preparation for child, indication of materials, verbal instruction and general prompts
perspective taking
appreciate a social situation from another perspective.
selman persepctive taking study
30 girls 30 boys. 20 4 ,5 and 6 year olds. given scenarios such as cat in tree
selman stages of development
stage 0 egocentric stage 1 social informational stage 2 self reflective stage 3 mutual stage 4 social and conventional system
stage 0 egocentric SELMAN
3-6 years a child cant distinguish between their own emotions and those of others.
stage 1 social informatiomal SELMAN
6-8 years. child can tell difference between their viewpoint and others but only focus on one
stage 2 self reflective SELMAN
8-10 years. Can put themselves in others shoes but can only take on one viewpoitn at a time
stage 3 mutual SELMAN
10-12 years. look at their viewpoint and others at same time
stage 4 social and conventional system
12+ understanding others viewpoints is not enough to allow people to reach agreement so social conventions are needed
3 aspects to social development SELMAN
- interpersonal understanding
- interpersonal negotiation strategies
- awareness of personal meaning of relationships
theory of mind
our personal understanding of what other people are thinking or feeling
meltzoff TOM
provided evidence proving toddlers have TOM as the y watched adults place beads into a jar one condition adults dropped some and other they dropped none so the toddler didnt drop any as they imitated what the adult intended to do.
false belief tasks
sally anne study
sally anne study baron-cohen situation
sally places marble in her basket anne moves marble to her box and the children have to work out where sally will look for marble.
baron-cohen procedure
20 autistic children 27 non autistic and 14 downsyndrome
baron-cohen findings
85% of children in control groups correctly answered but only 4 autistic children could
another test for TOM
eye task
mirror neurons
fire in response to personal action and actions of others may allow us to interpret intention and emotion of others
rizzolatti MR
studying electrical activity in monkeys motor cortex monkeys motor cortex activated when researcher was eating.
gallese and goldman MR
suggest mirror neurons respond to observed actions and intentions of tothers
mirror neurone role in perspective tajing
imp for social cognitive functions eg. TOM
mirror neurons and autism
Oberman proposed broken mirror theory of autism.
oberman
dysfunction in mirror neuron system in autistic children so cant imitate or undertsand social behaviours.
AO3 piaget cog devlopment
- Howe
- real world app
- underestimated role of others
AO3 piaget intellectual development
- McGarrigle and Donaldson
- hughes
- domain general
AO3 vygotsky
- Roazzu abd Bryant
- conner and cross
- real world app
Selman AO3
- Selman found positive correlations between age and ability to take perspective
- bullies can take persepctive not key elemebt in social development
- overaly cognitive
- nature or nutture
