BIOPSYCH Flashcards
What is the function of the endocrine system
to secrete the hormones which are required to regulate many body functions
outline the fight and flight response
release of adrenaline from adrenal gland activates sympathetic nervous system to increase HR.
effects on body of fight or flight
pupils dilate, increase HR and blood flow to brain. Sweating
what is the gap between each neruon
synapse
signals within neurins are transmitted
electronically
signals between neurons are transmitted
chemically
neurotransmitters are released from
synaptic vesicles
neurotransmitter is taken up by
postsynaptic receptor site on dendrites of next neuron
what direction do neurotransmitters travel
one direction
how is action potential of neuron triggered
if excitory and inhibitory signals reach threshold
function of the nervous system
network of cells and our primary communication system. Based on electrical signals.
2 functions of nervous system
- collect process and respond to info in environment
2. coordinate working of different organs and clls in the body
central nervous system is made up of…
brain and spinal cord
spinal cord is responsible for
reflex actions passes messages to and from and connects nerves to pns
PNS system is divided into
autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system
role of autonomic nervous system
governs vital functions in body
role of somatic nervous system
governs muscle movement and recieves info from sensory receptors
role of glands
produce hormones
key gland
pituitary gland
role of hormones
they are secreted into the bloodstream and affect cells in the body that have a receptor for that hormone
thyroxine is produced by
thyroid gland which affects cells in heart and increases metabolic rate
80% of neurons are
in the brain
sensory neurons role
carry messages from PNS to CNS
sensory neurons structure
long dendrites short axon
relay neurons role
connect sensory neurons to motor neurons
relay neurons structure
short dendrites and short axons
motor neurons role
connect CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands
motor neurone structure
short dendrites and long axon
cell body
includes a nucleus containing DNA
Dendrites
carry nerve impulses from neighbouring neurons towards cell body
axon
carries electrical impulse away from cell body down neuron
myelin sheath
protects axon
nodes of ranvier
speed up transmission of impulse
terminal buttons
end of axon communicate with next neurone across synapse
when neuron is in resting state the inside of cell is charged…
negatively
when neuron is actiovated inside it is charged
positively causing action potential
signals withi neurons are transmitted
electrically
signals between neurons are transmited
chemically
where are neurotransmitters released from
synpatic vesicles
once neurotranmsitter crosses synpase its taken up by
postsynaptic recpeptor site
why can it only travel in one direction
as neurotranmitters are released from the presynaotic neuron terminal and received by postsynaptic neuron
seretonin has … effect
inhibitatory
adrenaline has … effect
excitatory
summation
if net effect on postsynaptic neuron is inhibitatory the its less likely to fire
localisation
theory that different areas of brain are responsible for specific behaviours
two symmetrical halves of brain
left and right hemisphere
left hemisphere controls
activity on right
right hemisphere controls
activity on left
language is linked to
left hemisphere
4 lobes of brain:
temporal, occipital, parietal and frontal
frontal lobe
motor area
motor area
frontal lobe controls voluntary movements
parietal lobe
somatosensory area
somatosensory area
parietal lobe. Sensory info is represented
occipital lobe
visual area
visual area
occipoital lobe. RVF to LVC . LVF to RVC
temporal lobe
auditory area
auditory area
temporal lobe. analyses speech info
broca area
speech production.
broca aphasia
speech that is slow and lacks fluency
wernicke area
language understanding
wernicke aphasia
nonsense words
dougherty AO3 LOCALISATION
44 people with OCD who had undergone a cingulotomy. 30% successfully responded to surgery.
cingulotomy LOCALISATION
links to dougherty. Involves isolating a region called cingulate gyrus implicated with OCD.
Petersen AO3 LOCALISATION
used brain scan to demonstrate how wernicke area was active during a listening task and broca during a reading task
buckner + petersen AO3 LOCALISATION
revelead semantic and episodic memories are in different parts of prefrontal cortex
Lashley AO3 LOCALISATION
removed areas of cortex in rats and no area was proven to be important in ability to learn a route. Every part of cortex used.
Dick and Tremblay AO3 LOCALISATION
2% of modern researchers think language is completely controlled by broca and wernicke areas
lateralisation
two halves of brain are functionally different and certain processes are controlled by one half.
vision, motor and somatosensory are in … hemispheres
both
motor area is …
cross wired
motor area crosswired
RH control movement on left and LH controls movement on right
visual area is …. and …
contralateral and ipsilateral LVF of both sides is connected to RH and RVF to the LH
sperry study sample
eleven people who had split brain operation
split brain operation
involves severing the connection between the RH and LH mainly the corpus callosum. It reduces epilepsy.
sperry study procedure
image which was projected to ps RVF and image projected to LVF. in normal brain the info would be shared given complete picture. But in this study the info couldnt be shared.
sperry study findings
picture shown to RVF could be described. But couldnt when shown to LVF. They could select the matching object.
why could they not descrbe picture shown to LVF
messaged from RH are relayed to language centres in LH which wasnt possible.
fink AO3 lateralisation
used PET scans to identify which brain areas were active in visual processing task. Regions of RH were more active when looking at global elements. But LH focused on finer detail
Nielsen AO3 lateralisation
analysed brain scans and found that people used certain hemispheres for certain tasks but no evidnece of dominant side
Gazzaniga AO3 split brain
showed ps perform bettwe than connected control on some tasks.
issue with sperrys research
epilepsy was a confounding variable so unique features of split brain cognitive abilities may be due to epilepsy
synaptic pruning
rarely used connections are deleted and FAQ are strengthened
maguire AO3 plastcityt
studies brain of cab drivers and found more volume of grey matter in hippocampus . This is associated with development of spatial and navigational skills
draganski AO3 plasticity
imaged brains of medical students 3 months before and after exams learning occured in hippocampal and parietal cortex
functional recovery
following damage the brain can adapt and compensate for damaged areas
axonal sprouting
growth of new nerve endings which cinnect with other undamaged nerve cells making new neural pathways
denervation supersensitivity
when axons do similar job they become aroused to a higehr level to componsate lost ones
recruitment of homologous areas on opposite side of brain
if broca area is damaged the right side equivilanr woukd carry out functions
schneider AO3 functional recovery
more time people with brain injury spent in education the greater chances of recovery
FMRI name
functional magnetic resonance imaging
FMRI role
measures brain activity whilst doing a task . Detects radio waves from changing magnetic fields. Enables researchers to detect regions of brain rich in oxygen and active.
EEG role
record of tiny electrical impulses produced by brains activity measures wave patterns.
ERPs name
event relate potentila
ERP role
response of brain to specific sensory, cognitive or motor event can be isolated through statistical analysis of EEG dats
post mortem
brain is analsysed to determine whether certain observed behaviour can be linked to abnormalities in brain
AO3 FMRI
- doesnt rely on radiation , risk free and non invasive
- expensuve , poor temoiral resolution
Chemical transmission (synaptic transmission)
Neurons communicate through neural networks. Signals within neurone are transmitted electrically but between neurone chemically. Once impulse reaches end of neuron it triggers the release of the neurotransmitter.
structure of neurone
cell body, axon, dendrites, myelin sheath, nodes of ranvier and terminal buttons
neurotransmitters
chemicals that diffuse across synapse and taken up by postsynaptic receptor site. Then converted back into electrically impulse and process begins again.
inhibitory neurones make neoron
negatively charged and less likely to fire
excitatory neurone make neurone
positively charged and more likely to fire
action potential only occurs
if sum of inhibitory and excitatory signals at any one time reach threshold
inhibitory summation
less likely to fire.
neurotransmitter binds to post synaptic receptors making it less likely to fire.
why can neurone travel only one direction
- synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter are only present on one side.
- receptors for neurotransmitters are on other side
- diffusion high to low
process of synaptic transmission
- impulses reach the presynaptic terminal
- electrical impulses trigger release of neurotransmitters
- they cross synapse and combine with receptors
- stimulation of postsynaptic receptors result in excitation or inhibition.
who argued for localisation
broca and wernicke
4 areas functions
motor, sensorimotor, visual and auditory
3 ways of recovery
axonal sprouting, denervation supersensitivity and recruitment of smilier areas on opposite side of brain
