FORENSIC Flashcards
Aim of offender profiling
narrow down list of likely suspects
top down approach origin
FBI interviewed 36 sexually motivated murderers and used this data and their characteristics of their crimes to create 2 categories - organised and disorganised.
organised characteristics TD
- planning crime
- targets victime
- high iq
- high degree of control
- usually married may have children
disorganised characteristics TD
- impulsive less planning
- crime scene reflects impulsiveness
- below average IQ unemployed
- history of failed relationships and living alone
FBI profile construction 4 steps TD
- data assimilation
- crime scene classification
- crime reconstruction
- profile generation
Bottom up approach
aim is to generate picture of offenders characteristics, routines and background through analysis of evidence.
investigative psychology BU
detects patterns of behaviour that are likely to occur or coexist. Using statistical database. Interpersonal coherence how they interact with victim.
geographical profiling BU
locations of crime scenes are used to infer the likely base of an offender
canter types of offender BU
marauder- operates close to home
commuter- travelled a distance away when committing a crime
canter’s circle theory BU
pattern of offending is likely to form a circle around the offenders usual residence this becomes more apparent the more offences there are. Offenders spatial decision can provide insight into the nature of the offence eg. planned or opportunist.
Eysenck Criminal personality characteristics
extroversion-neurotic-psychotic
extroversion
underactive nervous system so constantly seek excitement and stimulation. Dont condition easily.
neurotic
high level of reactivity in sympathetic nervous system so they react quickly in situations of threat. Behaviour is nervous, jumpy and anxious.
psychoticism
higher levels of testosterone and are unemotional and prone to aggression.
Eysenck personality questionnaire
measures personality and locates individuals across the E,N and P spectrum.
level of moral reasoning
way a person thinks about right and wrong. Higher the level the more the behaviour is driven by sense.
3 stages of kohlbergs moral reasoning
pre conventional
conventional morality
post conventional
kohlberg et al
using moral dilemmas found that offenders had significantly lower level of moral development
pre conventional morality
need to avoid punishment and gain rewards less mature
cognitive distortions
biases in info processing faulty thinking. hostil attribution bias and minimilisation
hostile attribution bias
misinterpret actions of other people. Offenders may misread non aggressive cues triggereing a violent response.
Schonenberg and Jusyte cognitive distortions
presented 55 violent offenders with images of ambiguous expressions percieved aggressive more than control group,.
Frame cognitive distortions
showed children unabigous video percieved as aggressive
minimilisation
attempt to deny or downplay the seriousness of an offence.
barbaree minimilisation
26 rapists 54% denied crime and 40% minimised harm
differential association theory
learn values through association and interaction with different people
sutherland DAT
if number of pro crime attitudes the person comes to acquire outweights anticrime they will offend.
how to predict how likely offending is DAT
frequency, intensity and duration of exposure to deviant and non deviant normas and values
inadequate superego psychodynamic
- weak superego
- deviant superego
- overharsh superego
weak superego
same gender parent absent during phallic stage a child cant internalise superego
deviant superego
superego a child internalises has immoral values
over harsh superego
identification with strict parent so crippled with fuilt and anxiety so want to satify superego need for punishment
Bowlby 44 thieves
maternal deprivation causes affectionless psychopathy. 14 had affectionless psychopathy 12 had been deprived.
Canter used bottom up profiling to..
Create profile of duffy bader in rvidnece at scene
Forensic awareness BU
Behavioru may be inficative of previosu criminal experinece
Top down definition
Start with a preestabkished typology and assign offenders to one category based on witnessed and evidnencr
Research support of top down
Canter analysis 100 us murders which revealed there was a subset of features which mached fbi typology. Used small space analysis
Wider appliaction TD
Meketa top down applied to burglary leading to 85% rise in solved cases in three US states
Evidence for investigative psychology BU
Canter and heritage analysis of 66 sexual assault cases examined using small space analysis several behaviours identified as common
Evidnece of geographical profiling BU
canter 120 murder cases and offenders base was lovwted in the centre of pattern
Profiling was useful in what % of cases but only led to accurate identification of offender in % of cases
83% yseful 3% accurate
