PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Flashcards
statistical infrequency
according to statistical definition any relatively unusual behaviour that can be thought of un normal. eg. IQ.
deviation from social norms
behaviours that are different from the accepted norms of society. eg. APD
failure to function adequately
unable to cope with ordinary demands of day to day living
deviation from ideal mental health
Jahoda
- no distress
- perceive ourselves accurately
- self actualise
- realistic view of world
- indenpendent
- successfully work and love
3 types of phobia
specific, social and agoraphobia
behavioural characteristics of phobia
avoidance, panic and endurance
emotional characteristics of phobias
anxiety and fear
cognitive characteristics of phobias
selective attention, irrational beliefs and cognitive distortions.
phobias definition
a irrational fear of an object or situation
OCD definition
obsessions and compulsions .
behavioural characteristics of OCD
repetitive compulsions that reduce anxiety, avoidance
emotional characteristics of OCD
anxiety, guilt and depression
cognitive characteristics of OCD
obsessions, cognitive coping strategies
behavioural explaining phobias
two process model; acquisition by classical conditioning and maintenance by operant conditioning.
AO3 for behavioural explanation for phobias
real world app for treatments
doesn’t talk cognitive aspects for phobias
link between bad experiences and phobias supported by study dentist phobias
Behavioural approach to treating phobias
systematic desensitisation and flooding
systematic desensitisation
gradually reduced anxiety through classical conditioning. counterconditioning. 1. anxiety hierarchy 2. relaxation 3. exposure
flooding
immediate exposure to a very frightening situation
AO3 systematic desensitisation
evidence of effectiveness GILROY SD group were less fearlful than control group
people with learning difficualties people don’t like other methods so this is more appropriate.
AO3 flooding
cost effective
traumatic
biological approach to explaining OCD
genetic + neural (serotonin)
genetic OCD
LEWIS 37% had parents with OCD and 21% had siblings .
Polygenic not just one gene 230 different genes. One group of genes may cause one type of OCD.
Neural OCD
low levels of seretonin which is mood regulating transmitter so low moods. Less is released. Frontal lobe responsible for decision making abnormal functioning.
A03 genetic explanation OCD
support NESTADT reviewed twins and found68% Concordance rate of MZ and 31% of DZ.
Ignores the environmental affect.
Biological approach to treating OCD
SSRIS. Seretonin is released by presynaptic neurone. SRRIS prevent the reuptake of serotonin so increase levels in the synapse. Combo with cbt most effective. Tricylics and SNRIS.
AO3 biological approach to treating OCD
effectiveness - SOOMRO SSRIS more effective than placebo 70% of people symptoms reduce.
Cost effective
side effects:indigestion, loss of sex drive and blurred vision.
statistical infrequency AO3
- real world application clinical practice
- unusual may be positive
deviation from social norms AO3
- real world app clinical practice
- cultural and situational diff
failure to function AO3
- Threshold for help
- descrimination and social control
deviation from ideal mental health AO3
- comprehensive
- culture bound
- high standards
who proposed the two process model
mowrer
acquisition by classical conditioning evidence
Watson+Rayner Little Albert
little Albert
created a phobia of rats through having a loud noise when in contact with rat so associated noise with rat
maintenance through operant conditioning
when u avoid a situation as its unpleasant results In desirable consequence so repeated
AO3 of two process model
- real world application
- cognitive aspects of phobias
- phobias and traumatic experiences
real world application of TPM
exposure therapies. Flooding so identifies means of treating phobias.
cognitive aspects of phobias TPM
TPM doesn’t account for cognitive aspects eg. irrational beliefs
Ad De Jongh TPM
found 73% of people with a fear of dental treatment had experienced a traumatic experience whereas the control group with low dental anxiety 21% had experienced a traumatic event
systematic desensitisation steps
- anxiety hierarchy
- relaxation
- exposure
flooding
immediate exposure to frightening situation
how flooding works
client quickly learns the phobic stimulus is harmless. The conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus so it no longer produces the conditioned response
systematic desentistion AO3
- effectiveness
- used with learning disabilities struggle with CBT
Gilroy study SD
42 people with spider phobia in 3 sessions the SD group were less fearful than control group
Flooding AO3
- cost effective
- traumatic
