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PSYCH A LEVEL > RESEARCH METHODS > Flashcards

RESEARCH METHODS Flashcards

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1
Q

Aim

A

General statements that describe the purpose of investigation

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2
Q

Hypotheses

A

Desrcibes relationship between variables at start of study either directional or non directional

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3
Q

Directional hypothesis

A

States direction of the difference or relationship inc words such as more, faster and higher

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4
Q

Non directional hypothesis

A

Doesnt state the direction of the difference or relationship words such as less, lower and slower.

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5
Q

IV

A

Changed

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6
Q

DV

A

Measured

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7
Q

Operationalised

A

Clearly defined variables in terms of how they can be measured

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8
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Any variable that affects the DV if not controlled do not vary systematically with the IV

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9
Q

Confounding variable

A

a kind of extraneous varibale but changes systematically with the IV

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10
Q

Investigator effects

A

Effect of behaviour on the research outcome l.

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11
Q

Randomisation

A

Minimises effect of extraneous/confounding variables on the outcome. Use of chance methods to reduce the researchers unconscious biases.

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12
Q

Standardisation

A

Using the same formalised procedures

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13
Q

Experimental design

A

Different ways to organise ps to conditions

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14
Q

Independent group design

A

Ps allocated to different groups where each group represents one condition

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15
Q

Repeatedmeasures

A

All ps take part in all conditions

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16
Q

Matched pairs

A

Ps are matched on one variable that may affect the DV and each p does one condition

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17
Q

independent groups AO3

A
  • participant variables
  • order effects reduced
  • more money+time
  • use random allocation to reduce participant variables
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18
Q

Random allocation

A

Ps randomly allocated to the different conditions

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19
Q

Repeated measures AO3

A
  • order effects
  • less money+time
  • demand characteristics
  • counterbalance to reduce order effects
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20
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Half the ps take part in condition A then B and other half do the other way round reduces order effects

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21
Q

Matched pairs AO3

A
  • time consuming
  • not matched exactky
  • order wffects and demand characteristics less of problem
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22
Q

Quasi experiment

A

Iv has not been determined by anyone

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23
Q

Natural experimebt

A

The change in iv is not brought about by researcher.

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24
Q

Random sample

A

All members have equal chance of being selected lottery method

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25
Q

Systematic sample

A

Where every nth memeber of the target population is selected

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26
Q

Opportunity sample

A

Select anyone willing and available

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27
Q

Volunteer sample

A

Select themselves to be part of sample

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28
Q

Random sample AO3

A
  • unbiased so increased internsl validity
  • time consuming
  • may be unrepresentative
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29
Q

Systematic sample AO3

A
  •  Objective
  • time consuming
  • ps may refuse
  • researcher has no influence
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30
Q

Stratified sample AO3

A
  • representative

- generaliseable

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31
Q

Stratifued sample

A

Composition of sample reglects proportiond of people in population

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32
Q

Opportunity sample AO3

A
  • less costly
  • unrepresentative
  • researcher bias
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33
Q

Volunteer sample AO3

A
  • easy
  • less time consuming
  • volunteer bias
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34
Q

Types of ethical issues

A

Informed consent,deception,protection from harm, privacy

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35
Q

Pilot studies

A

Small scale investigation to check the procedures.

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36
Q

Single blind proceeure

A

When ps are aware of the aim of the research

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37
Q

Double blind procedure

A

Neither ps or researcger is aware of aims of the study

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38
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Watching and recirding behaviour in a natural environment

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39
Q

Controlled observation

A

Watching and recording behaviour in a structured environment

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40
Q

Covert observation

A

Ps behaviour is watched and recirded without their knowledge

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41
Q

Overt obversation

A

Ps behaviour is watched and recorded with their knowledge

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42
Q

Participant observation

A

Researcher become a member of gorup whose behaviour they are recording

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43
Q

Non participation observation

A

Researcher remains outside grouo whose behaviour they are recording

44
Q

AO3 of Observations

A

Observation bias

45
Q

Naturalistic observations AO3

A
  • generalised

- lack of control so cant replicate

46
Q

Controlled observations AO3

A
  • extraneous variables controlled

- not applied to every day life

47
Q

Covert observation AO3

A
  • less demand characteristics
  • consent issues
  • internal validiry
48
Q

Participant observation AO3

A
  • increased insight increasing external validity

- lose objectivity

49
Q

Non participant observation AO3

A
  • objective

- lose valuable insight

50
Q

Behavioural categories (observations)

A

Target behaviour is broken down into components that are measurable

51
Q

Event sampling observations

A

A target behaviour is recorded this event every time it occurs

52
Q

Time sampling observations

A

A target individual or group is established and the baby behaviour is recorded in a fixed timeframe

53
Q

 correlation

A

Investigate an association between two variables

54
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

Mean, median and mode

55
Q

Measures of dispersion

A

Range and standard deviation

56
Q

Standard deviation

A

How mych each score deviates from the mean

57
Q

case studies

A

involve analysis of unusual individuals or events. Qualititative data. Longitudinal study.

58
Q

content analysis

A

research technique that enables the indirect study of behaviour by examining communications

59
Q

content analysis aim

A

summarise and describe this communication in a systematic way so overall conclusions can be drawn.

60
Q

coding in content analysis

A

stage of content analysis in which the communication to be studied is analysed by identifying each instance of the chosen categories

61
Q

thematic analysis

A

an inductive and qualitative approach to analysis that involves identifying implicit or explicit ideas within the data. Themes often emerge once the data has been coded.

62
Q

case studies strengths

A
  • rich detailed info

- generate hy[otheses for future study

63
Q

case studies weaknesses

A
  • generalisation
  • subjective selection and interpretation of researcher
  • low validity
64
Q

content analysis strengths

A
  • little ethical issues as it already exists in public domain
  • external validity
  • flexible as produces qualitative and quantitative date depending on aim
65
Q

content analysis weaknesses

A
  • analysed outside of context where it occurred
  • researcher may attribute opinions and motivations to the writer
  • lack of objectivity
  • thematic analysis is more descriptive
66
Q

reliability

A

how consistent a measuring device is

67
Q

ways of testing reliability

A
  • test retest
  • inter-observer reliability
  • measuring reliability
68
Q

test retest

A

doing same tests or questionnaire to the same person on different occasion.

69
Q

test retest procedure

A

time between test and retest to remove memory variable. The two setoff scores would be correlated. If correlation is significant then reliability is good

70
Q

inter observer reliability

A

subjectivity and bias issues so observers check they apply behavioural categories the same and compare results.

71
Q

measuring reliability

A

correlational analysis correlation coefficient should exceed +80 for reliability

72
Q

validity

A

whether a psychological test, observation or experiment produces a result that’s legitmate

73
Q

internal vailidty

A

whether the effects observed in an experiment are due to manipulation of independent variable and not another factor.

74
Q

external validity

A

generalising to other settings, populations and eras

75
Q

face validity

A

measure is scrutinised to determine whether it appears to measure what its suppose to measure

76
Q

concurrent validity

A

extent to which a psychological measure relates to existing similar measure

77
Q

temporal validity

A

findings from research study can be generalised to other historical time and eras

78
Q

when to use a directional hypothesis

A

when previous research suggest a specific outcome

79
Q

when to use a non directional hypothesis

A

when there are no previous research or it contradicts each other

80
Q

what are correlations plotted on

A

scattergrams with one co variable on x axis and other on y axis

81
Q

qualitative data

A

data expressed as words

82
Q

quantitative date

A

date that can be counted usually numbers

83
Q

qualitative dataAO3

A
  • rich in detail
  • broader in scope
  • external validity
  • hard to analyse
  • subjective interpretations
84
Q

quantitative data AO3

A
  • easy to analyse
  • make comparisons easier
  • more objective
  • less bias
  • less detail and narrow
85
Q

ways of testing reliability

A
  • test retest

- inter-observed reliability

86
Q

validity types

A
  • face
  • concurrent
  • ecological
  • temporal
  • internal
  • external
87
Q

concurrent validity

A

psychological measure relates to an existing similar measure

88
Q

ecological validity

A

findings can be generalised to other settings

89
Q

temporal validity

A

findings can be generalised to other eras

90
Q

3 things that determine statistical testing

A
  1. correlation/experiment
  2. experimental design
  3. level of measurement
91
Q

nominal related

A

sign test

92
Q

nominal unrelated

A

chi squared

93
Q

ordinal related

A

wilcoxen

94
Q

ordinal unrelated

A

mann whitney U

95
Q

internal related

A

related t test

96
Q

interval un related

A

unrelated t test

97
Q

correlation nominal

A

chi squared

98
Q

correlation ordinal

A

spearman

99
Q

correlation internal

A

Pearsons

100
Q

reporting psycholigical investigations

A

abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, referencing

101
Q

the abstract includes

A

the aims, hypothesis, method, results and conclusions

102
Q

method should include

A

design, sample, apparatus, procedure, ethics

103
Q

paradigm

A

a set of shared assumptions and agreed methods

104
Q

paradigm shift

A

result of scientific revolution

105
Q

empirical

A

based on evidence through observation and experience

106
Q

falsifiability

A

theory cannot be scientific unless it can be proved untrue

PSYCH A LEVEL (18 decks)

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