schematicele, stereotipuri si prejudecarea si discriminarea

Question 1

What is social cognition?

Answer 1

Understanding how people select, interpret, and use information to make judgements about themselves and the social world.

Question 2

What are the 2 kinds of social cognition?

Answer 2

1. Automatic thinking
   - quick
   - no conscious deliberation of thoughts
   - often biased
2. Controlled thinking
   - effortful and deliberate
   - thinking and self and environment
   - carefully selecting the right course of action

Question 3

Through what processes does social cognition operate automatically?

Answer 3

Heuristics - mental shortcuts allowing ppl to make judgements quickly and efficiently.
Simple rules for making complex decisions

Schemas - mental structures that organise and simplify information processing.

Question 4

What is false consensus bias?

Answer 4

We tend to see other people as similar to us.

Question 5

What are schemas?

Answer 5

Mental structures which are used to organise knowledge about the world
Help to interpret new information and fill gaps in knowledge when needed.

Question 6

What are stereotypes in terms of schemas?

Answer 6

Schemas about social groups and their members.
Knowledge structures organising information about social groups and their representativeness where each representative carries exactly the same features attributed to the whole group.

Question 7

What are schemas and metaphors?

Answer 7

Metaphors are linguistic devices that relate an abstract context to another, related to bodily experiences.

Question 8

What is embodied social cognition?

Answer 8

Bodily experiences play role in processing social information.

Question 9

What is prejudice?

Answer 9

Prejudice is a negative affect that can take various forms - fear, anger, disgust, pity
Can be explicit and implicit

Question 10

What is stereotype?

Answer 10

Socially shared, simplified, generalised, evaluating image of a social group and its members.
Distorts reality because ignores real diversity within groups.
Difficult to change

Question 11

What are gender stereotypes?

Answer 11

Shared beliefs about men and women and their characteristics and social roles and behaviours.

e.g.

Women are warm and expressive and should be pretty.
Men are competent and independent and should be successful.

Question 12

What is wrong with positive stereotypes?

Answer 12

When you are put in a position where positive stereotypes is required from you, you feel oppressed.
Imposes expectations that the person does not want to comply with.
Denies individuality of person.

Question 13

What is the stereotype content model?

Answer 13

High competence & high warmth - admiration (ingroup)

High competence & low warmth - envious stereotype (Asians, rich)

Low competence & high warmth - paternalistic stereotype (elderly)

Low competence & low warmth - contemptuous stereotype (poor ppl)

Question 14

How are stereotypes acquired and maintained?

Answer 14

Self-fulfilling prophecy - when things that are attributed to you, start becoming part of who you are

The mere expectation of being stereotypes can create stereotype threat.

Question 15

What study has demonstrated self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 15

White interviewer treats job applicants differently during interview based on their race.

Interviewees where white or black

Interviewer would look at the white person more often,
Would allow more time for answer for white person,
More open body posture for white person.

Interviewees were behaving differently.
White person was more confident, more relaxed, and gave longer responses.

Question 16

What was done in a second study?

Answer 16

Actor was trained to be interviewer

White actor interviewing white people

Actor asked to behave how the interviewer behaved when interviewing white and black person

When interviewer behaved like they were interviewing a black person, the white interviewee shortened their answered, felt less confident.

Question 17

What is the pygmalion effect?

Answer 17

Higher expectations lead to an increase in performance.

Question 18

How was the pygmalion effect investigated?

Answer 18

1968
Administered IQ test to school children and told teachers which children have high IQ and will bloom

BUT they were actually chosen at random

In 8 months, chosen children have higher IQ that those who were not ‘the bloomers’

Question 19

What is an example of self-fulfilling prophecy in real life?

Answer 19

If a society believes that a group is less intellectual and less educable than others, the group will act in accordance with beliefs.
Educational resources will not be provided to the group.
Group will not get adequate education.
Society’s original belief will be confirmed.

Question 20

What is stereotype threat?

Answer 20

The apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behaviour might confirm a cultural stereotype.
Individuals experience anxiety about confirming negative stereotypes. - they perform below their actual abilities
E.g. If I perform poorly on this test it will reflect badly on my race

Question 21

What is an experimental example of stereotype threat?

Answer 21

African Americans and Caucasian Americans
2 types of tests:
- real test measuring ability
- lab exercise

Only when the task was described as real test, African Americans performed worse.

Question 22

Why is the stereotype threat observed?

Answer 22

When we make people aware of their group, this influences their performance negatively.
When they were not reminded, they performed equally well.

Question 23

How was the stereotype effect observed in males and females?

Answer 23

Participants are told that women are worse than men at maths.
Women’s scores worsen
Men’s improve

Answer 24

Asian women performed worse when they were reminded of their gender than when they were reminded of their race.

Question 25

What is the stereotype threat in the brain?

Answer 25

fMRI study showed higher activation of brain regions associated with social and emotional processing among women during math tasks and mental rotations tasks.
They are over thinking and that increases load during task performance.

Question 26

Give a summary of the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Answer 26

The mere expectation of being stereotyped can create expectancies which leads to stereotype threat.

Question 27

When are we more likely to stereotype?

Answer 27

When cognitive resources are low so we take mental short cuts.

Question 28

What is a study to demonstrate we are more likely to stereotype when cognitive resources are low?

Answer 28

Ppts asked to judge the degree to which a defendant was guilty of a crime for which he was accused.
The crime fit the stereotype

Morning people and tested in the morning - less likely to judge guilty than morning people and tested in the evening.

Evening ppl and tested in the morning - more likely to judge guilty than evening ppl and tested in the evening

Question 29

What is the role of priming in stereotyping?

Answer 29

People who previously memorised words like adventurous, independent and persistent formed positive impressions.

People primed with words like reckless, aloof, stubborn formed negative impressions.

Question 30

What is priming?

Answer 30

The process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait or concept.
Temporary activation of schemas.

Question 31

What is priming an example of?

Answer 31

Priming is a good example of automatic thinking because it occurs quickly, unintentionally, and unconsciously.

Question 32

What is accessibility?

Answer 32

The extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people’s minds and are therefore likely to be used when we are making judgements about the social world.

Question 33

What are the 3 reasons for which something can become accessible?

Answer 33

Chronically accessible due to past experiences.
Accessible because it is related to a current goal.
Temporarily accessible because of our recent experience.

Question 34

What was an experiment that demonstrated priming in the context of schemas?

Answer 34

Bargh activated the stereotype of an old vs young person in a cognitive task.
Then measured how fast participants left the lab.
Those primed with elderly walked slower.

Question 35

How do stereotypes affect decisions in ambiguous situations?

Answer 35

More likely to classify racially ambiguous person as white or black depending on high or low status clothes.

Question 36

What is prejudice?

Answer 36

A negative inter-group attitude
A negative inter-group affect

Question 37

What is evidence of prejudice in video games?

Answer 37

In a video game ppts were told to shoot a man if he was holding a gun

Shown either white or black man
Either holding a gun or not

Ppts shot at the unarmed black man more often than the unarmed white man.

Question 38

What is evidence of prejudice in experimental task?

Answer 38

Prejudices can be activates when people feel angry or insulted.
White ppt gave less shock to a black learner than to a white learner when they were feeling fine.
Once insulted, the white students gave higher levels to the black learner.

Question 39

What are the different emotions towards different groups?

Answer 39

Gay men -disgust
Native Americans - pity
African Americans - fear
Asian Americans - envy

Question 40

What is the BIAS map?

Answer 40

Low competence, low warmth - contempt
Low competence, high warmth - pity

High competence, low warmth - envy
High competence, high warmth - admiration

Question 41

What is explicit prejudice?

Answer 41

Negative affect towards a social group available to introspection.

Question 42

What is implicit prejudice?

Answer 42

Negative affect towards a social group not available to introspection.

Uncontrolled association of a social group with positive or negative evaluation, may be unconscious.

Question 43

What is an example of implicit association test?

Answer 43

1st white ppts were given words to associate with 2 pictures: white person was the good and black person was the bad.
They associated good words with the white person and bad words with the white person.

When this was reversed so that black person was good and white person was bad, participants struggled and they matched white person to good even though the good side had a black face.

Question 44

What is discrimination?

Answer 44

Differential, negative treatment of a social group in comparison to another group.

Question 45

What are the 2 types of discrimination?

Answer 45

Subtle - comfort with own group. Discomfort with out-group, exclusion and avoidance of the out-group

Blatant - open expression of negative emotions, hate, disgust. Actions aiming at harming out-groups.

Question 46

What is hostile sexism?

Answer 46

Negative emotions directed towards women stemming from: - dominant paternalism (a need to control women)
-hostile heterosexuality (seeing women as controlling sex as a resource)

Question 47

What is benevolent sexism?

Answer 47

A subjectively favourable emotion towards women related to a belief that men are dominant providers and women are their dependent
e.g. in a disaster, women ought to be rescued before men

Question 48

What is ambivalent sexism?

Answer 48

Mix of hostile sexism and benevolent sexism
Tend to categorise women into liked or disliked groups
traditional vs modern

Question 49

What is racial discrimination?

Answer 49

Black and white people not being treated equally.

Question 50

What is micro-aggression?

Answer 50

Slight put downs
E.g. White professor compliments Asian student for his “excellent English”

Question 51

What is modern racism?

Answer 51

Denial that racial discrimination exists and a belief that ethnic minorities are seeking and receiving more benefits

Question 52

How can prejudice be reduced?

Answer 52

Presenting people with information counter to stereotypes does not change beliefs.
Can actually strengthen belief.
Disconfirming evidence challenges them to come up with additional reasons for holding on to that belief.

Question 53

How can bias be reduced?

Answer 53

Bias can be reduced by factors that transform members’ perception of group boundaries from ‘us’ and ‘them’ to a more inclusive ‘we’.

Question 54

What is the contact hypothesis?

Answer 54

Mere contact between 2 groups not sufficient to reduce prejudice.
Prejudice will decrease when:
both groups have equal status and share a common goal

Question 55

What are the 6 conditions when contact reduces prejudice?

Answer 55

Mutual interdependence
Common goal
Equal status
Friendly, informal setting
Knowing multiple out-groups members
Social norms of equality.

Question 56

How does an experiment show how cooperation fosters intergroup relations?

Answer 56

When the Eagles and the Rattlers were in competition, few of boys in each group had friends from the other side.

Intergroup tensions were eased only after the boys had to cooperate to get shared privileges and the boys began to make friends across groups.