relatii interpersonale: iubirea, menținerea și comiterea Flashcards
What is the relationship between hormones and love
The hormones released during the female menstrual cycle influence women’s attraction to men
Women become more attracted to men when they are most likely to become pregnant
Women become attracted especially to men with symmetrical and masculine characteristics - they signal health and genetic fitness
HOWEVER
Underpowered studies
What is love
Commitment device - helps avoiding threats to the relationship of people that together care for offspring
What was found about romantic love reminder?
People who were reminded that they have a partner, decreased attention to faces of attractive people of the opposite sex
What is oxytocin?
A hormone important in female reduction.
Its levels increase during nursing to help mothers bond with infants.
How does oxytocin influence social behaviours
Oxytocin influences the development of long-term romantic attachments
What is oxytocin in relation to love?
The experience of romantic love is associated with the release of oxytocin
What is vasopressin?
A nonapeptide synthesised in the hypothalamus
What is the triangular theory of love?
3 components
Commitment - you are in the relationship for keeps
Passion - how much longing you feel
Intimacy - how well you communicate with the person you love, how close you feel, how much you trust each other
Different combinations give you different kinds of love
What is the love if you have commitment alone?
Empty love
What is the love if you have passion alone?
Infatuation
What is the love if you have intimacy alone
Liking, friendship
What if you have commitment + passion?
Fatuous love
What if you have commitment + intimacy?
Companionate love
What if you have passion + intimacy?
Romantic love
What if you have all 3?
Consummate love
What is passionate love?
Passionate love is related to activation of reward related brain regions, arousal and novelty
Functions as positive emotion - evoked in presence of stimulus
Related to sexual drive - but the 2 involve different brain systems
What is the self-expansion model?
Yearning to grow and expand is key motivation in humans - so people enjoy novel, exciting and challenging activities which promote growth
When ppl form romantic relationship, their own sense of self assimilated some of the qualities and characteristics of their partner
What is brain like in the infatuation or passionate love?
Increased activity in Ventral Tegmental Area - reward system, dopamine system, addiction
Decreased activity in prefrontal cortex - brain system related to decision making and critical thought
What is brain like in attachment or compassionate love?
you feel more relaxed and committed
oxytocin and vasopressin - peer bonding hormones that signal trust, social support and attachment
hormones help bond families
oxytocin - inhibit the realest of stress hormones so u may feel relaxed around the person
problems in relationship become more evident
What is the brain like during a break up
distress of break up activates insular cortex - processes pain both physical and social like feelings of rejection
as time goes on higher cortical regions which oversee impulse control can pump the breaks on this distress and craving signalling
What are the 3 brain systems that evolved for mating and reproduction? Fisher
sex drive - hypothalamus stimulated the production of sex hormones testosterone and estrogen
feelings of intense romantic love - hypothalamus produces dopamine that’s released during attraction
attachment - hypothalamus produces oxytocin and vasopressin that’s released during attachment
Why have these 3 brain systems evolved? Fisher
sex drive evolved to go look for partners
romantic love evolved to focus your mating energy on a mate one at a time
attachment evolved to stick to this person to raise a child through infancy
What is the brain like at rejection (Fisher)
activity in brain regions linked with craving and addiction
nucleus accumbus becomes active when you are addicted to cocaine
romantic love when you re rejected is an addiction
What are exchange relationships?
Relationships governed by the need for equity (an equal ratio of rewards and costs)
What is communal relationships?
Relationships in which people’s primary concern is being responsive to the other person’s needs
What are exchange relationships governed by?
Equity concerns:
- we like to be repaid immediately for our favours
- feel exploited when our favours are not returned
- keep track who is contributing what to ship
- being able to help the person has no effect on mood
What are communal relationships governed by?
Responsiveness to other’s needs:
- do not like to be repaid immediately for our favours
- do not feel exploited when favours are not repaid
- do not keep track of who is contributing what
- helping the person puts us in a good mood
What are the factors contributing the relationship maintenance
similarity
reciprocity - develops intimacy, closeness and trust
equity
responsiveness
how does similarity contribute to the relationship maintenance
rships are more satisfactory and more likely to continue when the individuals develop and maintain similar interests and continue to share their important values and beliefs over time
what is the difference in similarity between friendships and romantic relationships
friendships form based on perceived similarity rather than actual personality similarity
in romantic relationships, actual similarity and closeness are more important
what is reciprocal self discolsure
the tendency to communicate frequently, share feelings, thoughts and experiences without fear of reprisal
revealing personal information about oneself to someone else
what are the implications of revealing personal information
fundamental human need
important
development and maintenance of self-concept
contributes to personal growth
what is trust
the abstract, positive expectation that a partner can be relied on to care for one and be responsive to one’s needs, now and in the future
key to attachment
what are the 3 components of trust
predictability - frequent violations of expectations results in diminished trust
dependability - can you rely on this person
faith - belief that in future situations, this person can be relied upon
what is equity
if one or both partners feel that they are unfairly contributing more than their fair share, and if this inequity continues, the relationship will suffer
partners who feel they are contributing more will become upset
ppl stay in rships longer when they feel that they are being rewarded by them
what is perceived partner responseiveness
feeling that relationship partners recognise, value, and behaviourally support the self
felling understood, validated and cared for
what is commitment
the feelings and actions that keep partners working together to maintain a relationship
committed partners are less likely to imagine themselves with anyone else, rate their own parter as more attractive and are less likely to break up even if costs become high
what is rusbult’s investment model
what is attachment style
individual differences in how people relate to others in close relationships - determines the quality of close relationships
how is attachment style learnt
learnt in childhood
based on relationships with parents
stable in adulthood
meta analysis found significant correlation between attachment behaviour in infants and in adults
what is the link between self esteem and interpersonal trust
high self esteem and high interpersonal trust - secure attachment
low self esteem and high low interpersonal trust - dismissing attachment (healthy feelings about the self but don’t trust and fear connections with others)
low self esteem and high interpersonal trust - anxious attachment (desires to reach out to others but anxious about the self
low self esteem and low interpersonal trust - avoidant attachment (relationships with others are poor and so is self-concept, forms few relationships and often unhappy ones
