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Question 1

What is self-concept?

Answer 1

Set of thoughts or beliefs about ourselves.

Question 2

What is self-awareness?

Answer 2

Act of thinking about ourselves.

Question 3

Do animals have the concept of self?

Answer 3

Mirror test: see if animals recognise mark placed on them in the mirror
If they pass that means they have self awareness.
Only a few animals pass.

HOWEVER
Does not prove that animals who don’t pass aren’t self aware.

Question 4

What are the developmental stages of self recognition?

Answer 4

Infancy: recognition of being separate individual

Childhood: labelling of personal qualities and abilities, age, sex

Adolescence: development of set of beliefs about self

Middle and late adulthood: continues to change but not as extensively

Question 5

What happens to the self as we age?

Answer 5

Self-concepts become more complex with age
With age there is less emphasis on physical characteristics and more on psychological states (thoughts and feelings)

Question 6

What are the 3 functions of self?

Answer 6

Self-knowledge
Interpersonal self
Agent self

Question 7

What is self knowledge (or self concept)?

Answer 7

Information about the self
Self awareness
Self esteem
Self deception

Question 8

What is interpersonal self (or public self)?

Answer 8

Self presentation
Member of groups
Relationship partner
Social roles
Reputation

Question 9

What is agent self or executive function?

Answer 9

Decision making
Self control
Taking charge of situations
Active responding

Question 10

What is the accuracy of self knowledge - how well do people know themselves?

Answer 10

Ppl think they know themselves better than others do
BUT they also believe they know others better than others know themselves.

Question 11

What was a study to see if we know ourselves better than others do?

Answer 11

Ppts wore digital audio recorder, which recorded everything every 12.5 min for 4 days.
Before, they were asked to make self ratings of how often they performed certain behaviours, and had 3 close others report the same.

RESULTS
For some behaviours, especially involving others, others were often more accurate than self-report

Question 12

What is introspection?

Answer 12

The process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings and motives.

Question 13

Why is introspection not the best way to gain self-knowledge?

Answer 13

We don’t always know the reason for our actions.
We are not good at predicting how we will feel about a particular event in the future.

Question 14

What is a study that shows we are not good at predicting how we will fell about a particular event in the future?

Answer 14

If asked to imagine how ppts will feel a year after a bad event, they predict to feel worse than how they actually felt a year later.

Question 15

What is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 15

Engage in an activity for enjoyment or interest, not because of external rewards or pressured.

Question 16

What is self-perception theory?

Answer 16

People sometimes infer their attitudes from their obvious behaviour, rather than from their internal state.

We infer our inner feelings from our behaviour only when we are not sure how we feel.

We judge whether our behaviour really reflects how we feel or whether it was the situation that made us act that way.

Question 17

What is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 17

Engage in an activity because of external reasons, not due to enjoyment.

Question 18

What is the over justification effect?

Answer 18

If given money or other rewards for engaging in a task, we infer that we are doing the activity for extrinsic reasons and lose interest.

Question 19

What is an example of over justification effect?

Answer 19

Children offered rewards for drawing lost interest in drawing when not given rewards.

Question 20

What is the socially constructed self?

Answer 20

Self-evaluation based on the perception and evaluations of others.
We take on the view of how we imagine others view us.

Doesn’t necessarily correspond to how others actually view us.

Question 21

What is the actor/observer effect?

Answer 21

More likely to attribute causes of our behaviour to situational causes and other’s behaviours to internal.

Question 22

How do people describe their present self vs their past self?

Answer 22

Pets described their present self as varying behaviours with the situation.
Described past self (5 years ago) in more general, dispositional manner.

Question 23

What is social comparison?

Answer 23

We learn about ourselves by comparing with others.

For many attributes, there is no objective way for determining what we are like.

Even for what seems objective like height, feeling short may depend on comparison group.

Question 24

Who do we compare ourselves with?

Answer 24

Upward - compare with more successful others
Lower self-efficacy and motivation

Downward - compare with less successful others
Higher self-efficacy and motivation

Question 25

What is self-schema?

Answer 25

Mental structures that people use to organised their knowledge about themselves.

Question 26

What do self schemas influence?

Answer 26

Influence what we notice, think about, memories
Influence decisions and judgements
Guides and regulates behaviour

Question 27

How do we process self-schematic info?

Answer 27

Processing self-schematic info activates brain region associated with automatic, motivational and affective processing.

Question 28

How do we process non-self-schematic information?

Answer 28

Processing non-self-schematic info activates brain regions associated with effortful and intentional processing.

Question 29

What is person-situation interaction?

Answer 29

Context matters in determining what we know about ourselves at the present.

Question 30

What is the working self-concept?

Answer 30

Aspects of the self-concept that are prominent in a particular situation. (me as a teacher)

Question 31

How does the self change across time?

Answer 31

Ppts more likely to criticise distant past failure than recent failure
This allows us to feel like we have grown.

Ppts asked to generate 2 past stories - 1 in which they failed or succeeded
Generated more distant fail stories in the past than success.

Question 32

What are the possible selves?

Answer 32

Future self: people are able to imagine events that have not occurred yet or engage in long-term planning.

Possible selves: schemas that ppl hold concerning what they may be in the future. Represents hopes. Helps ppl organise plans for pursuing goals.

Question 33

What is the role of role models?

Answer 33

Role models can help inspire people, but only as long as ppl believe this future is possible for them.

Question 34

How is intervention possible?

Answer 34

Low socio economic status 8th graders in the US ppted in an intervention program that led them to believe academic success was possible.
Change in possible selves led to positive outcomes 2 years later (increased marks)

Question 35

How do self-schemas, ability, and possible selves interact to regulate performance?

Answer 35

Self-schema in the domain (believing we can be better in the future) + attribute, ability or skill in the domain

LEAD TO

Recruitment and deployment of possible selves -> organisation of action -> effective performance

Question 36

What is the self-discrepancy theory?

Answer 36

Discrepancies between how we perceive ourselves (actual self) and how we would ideally like to be (ideal self) or believe others think we could be (ought self).

Question 37

What are the mood consequences of self-discrepancy theory?

Answer 37

Discrepancy between actual and ideal: sadness
Discrepancy between actual and ought: anxiety

Question 38

What are the chronic tendencies (individual differences) in regulatory focus?

Answer 38

Promotion: wanting to pursue ideal self
Prevention: wanting to meet expectations of others

Promotion oriented people are moving closer to their desired goal.
Prevention oriented people are meeting other people’s expectations.

Question 39

What is self-awareness theory?

Answer 39

When ppl focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behaviour to their internal standards and values.

If you experience negative self-discrepency then you attempt to bring behaviour in line with standards.

Question 40

What are the 2 types of self-awareness theory?

Answer 40

Private - referring to inter states
Public - attending how one is perceived by others

Question 41

How has self-awareness theory been experimented?

Answer 41

Having a mirror in an experiment can change one’s behaviours so that they are less likely to cheat or eat footy foods.

Question 42

What happens when you aren not able to face the self?

Answer 42

If a person can’t bring their behaviour in line with their standards.
Appts who acted contrary to their values chose to sit facing away from mirrors compared to people who had done nothing wrong.

Question 43

How do people attempt to escape the self?

Answer 43

Alcohol, abuse, drugs, binge eating which helps reduce their self awareness.
This may be due to trying to forget and not think about their past actions.