atitudini

Question 1

What are attitudes?

Answer 1

Preferences for or evaluations of objects.
Our likes and dislikes and preferences.
Evaluations

Question 2

What 3 components are attitudes made of?

Answer 2

Affective - emotional reaction
Behavioural - actions
Cognitive - thoughts and beliefs

Question 3

What is the tripartile model?

Answer 3

Affective, Behavioural and Cognitive lead to Attitude

One component may have more weight

Question 4

What are cognitively based attitudes?

Answer 4

An attitude based primarily on people’s beliefs about the properties of an attitude object.
Attitudes are based on the relevant facts.

Question 5

What are behaviourally based attitudes?

Answer 5

An attitude based on observations of how one behaves toward an attitude object.

Question 6

What are affectively based attitudes?

Answer 6

An attitude based on preferences and feelings towards an object.

Question 7

What is self-perception theory?

Answer 7

Sometimes we don’t know how we feel about something until we see how we behave.
We infer our attitudes from our behaviours.

Question 8

Under what conditions is the self-perception theory true?

Answer 8

When initial attitude is weak or ambiguous
When there is no other plausible explanation for behaviour.

Question 9

Are all attitudes rational or based on knowledge?

Answer 9

No.
1/3 of the electorate knows virtually nothing about specific politicians but have strong feelings about them.

Question 10

Where do affectively based attitudes come from?

Answer 10

Values - religion
Sensory reaction - liking the taste of something
Aesthetic reaction - admiring colour of a car
Conditioning

Question 11

What is the nature of attitude?

Answer 11

Identical twins share more attitudes than fraternal twins.

Question 12

What is the role of classical conditioning in attitudes?

Answer 12

Learning through association.
A stimulus that elicits an emotional response is repeatedly paired with a neutral stimulus, until the neutral stimulus takes on the emotional properties of the first stimulus.

Question 13

What is subliminal conditioning?

Answer 13

Exposing individuals to stimuli that are presented quickly or hidden that they are not consciously perceived. Despite not being consciously registered, these stimuli can still have an impact on individuals’ attitudes.

Question 14

What is the mere exposure effect

Answer 14

Mere repeated exposure of an individual to a stimulus is a sufficient condition for the enhancement of his attitude towards it.

Question 15

What is an example of the mere exposure effect?

Answer 15

We saw a chinese character multiple times without necessarily paying attention to it.
We rated the character we were familiar with higher than a new character.

Question 16

What is the illusion of truth effect?

Answer 16

Opinions and information presented often seems more true by mere exposure, not because they become more true over time.

Question 17

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 17

Learning through reward and punishment.

Question 18

How does operant conditioning create attitudes?

Answer 18

Behaviour toward attitude object (playing with a child of another race)

Positive reinforcement - parent’s approval

Punishment - parent’s disapproval

Leads to positive or negative attitudes toward the attitude object.

Question 19

What is instrumental conditioning?

Answer 19

Children hold the same attitudes as family members or as people with whom they interact on regular basis.

Question 20

How does attitude change come about?

Answer 20

Exposure to alternative social networks with diverse attitudes allows attitude change.

Question 21

What is observational learning?

Answer 21

The form of learning through which people acquire new attitudes by observing others.
e.g. Bobo doll

Question 22

What is an inconsistency between attitudes and behaviour?

Answer 22

Attitudes are not good predictors of behaviour.
LaPiere (1934) examined anti-Chinese attitudes and discrimination

LaPiere went on cross-country trip with Chinese couple
Although prejudice against Chinese was high at this time, only 1/251 establishments refused service

LaPiere wrote a letter to each establishment after the trip asking if they would serve a Chinese visitor and over 90% said they wouldn’t

Question 23

Why might people’s behaviour not match their attitude?

Answer 23

Social desirability: ppl may be dishonest abt their attitude according to socially desirable responding

Social norms: certain attitudes may be more acceptable than others

Question 24

What is the attitude-behaviour consistency framework?

Answer 24

1. Attitude extremity 2. Attitude certainty and 3. Personal experience LEAD TO strength of attitudes which LEADS TO attitudes are accessible.
   This leads to Attitude-Behaviour Consistency.

Strong attitudes predict behaviour better

Question 25

What is attitude clarity?

Answer 25

What one’s attitude is.
Increased by repetition.

Question 26

What is attitude certainty?

Answer 26

Am I correct and valid holding this attitude?
Affected by group norm

Question 27

What is the role of experience in attitude formation?

Answer 27

Attitudes more likely to be strong and accessible
Attitudes more likely to be elaborated by supporting argument

Question 28

What is the theory of planned behaviour?

Answer 28

People’s intentions are the best predictors of their deliberate behaviour.

Intensions determined by their attitudes toward specific behaviours, subjective norms

Question 29

What is theory of reasoned action?

Answer 29

Considers behavioural options and consequences
Make conscious decision to act or not.