propiul 2

Question 1

What is self esteem?

Answer 1

Overall evaluation that people have of themselves.
Either positive or negative.

Question 2

Are self-evaluations consistent?

Answer 2

Self-esteem can fluctuate depending on success/failure, acceptance/rejection by others.

Question 3

What is implicit self esteem?

Answer 3

Feelings about the self of which we are not consciously aware.

Question 4

What is contingencies of the self?

Answer 4

Base self-esteem on a domain (studies)
Much more damaging if failure in the important domain.

Question 5

How are self-esteem levels rising in the Western world?

Answer 5

USA: several studies show that people rate themselves as above average:
* 90% claim to be above average drivers
* 70% students above average in leadership
* 2% below average
* No student admitted to being below average in ability to get along with others while 25% claimed to be top 1%

Question 6

How is low self-esteem linked to depression?

Answer 6

Depressed people are often more accurate about things

Question 7

How are happy people more likely to distort reality?

Answer 7

They are more likely to create positive illusions.
They overestimate good qualities and underestimate faults
Overestimate perceived control over events
Unrealistically optimistic about their future

Question 8

How do happy people maintain positive illusions?

Answer 8

They engage in self-serving bias - attribute success to internal qualities and failures to external situations

Question 9

Is high self esteem always beneficial?

Answer 9

Associated with aggression, bullying
Especially for unstable high self-esteem when threatened
Extreme self-esteem = narcissism

Question 11

What is the self-construal?

Answer 11

How people define and make meaning of the self

Question 12

What are the cultural differences in representation of the self?

Answer 12

Independent: the self is independent and unique, separate from others.

Collectivist: the self is interdependent, connected to others, and defined by relationships with others

Question 13

What is the difference between Japanese and Americans in how they identify themselves?

Answer 13

General:
Americans used attributes (I’m friendly)
Japanese used context (I play tennis on the weekend)

Context:
Japanese used attributes more than Americans when specific context was used (I am sometimes lazy at home)

Question 14

What does this suggest?

Answer 14

Independent cultures define self as separate from context.
Interdependent cultures define self in terms of social context.

Question 15

What is the effect of cultural context on self esteem?

Answer 15

In interdependent cultures, association of self-esteem to well being is lower.
So wellbeing doesn’t depend on self-esteem levels as much.

Question 16

Is there a difference between how you think about your close friendships vs people in your group?

Answer 16

2 types of interdependence:

Collective interdependence self construal: focus on memberships in large groups.

Relational self-construal: focus on close relationships

Question 17

What are gender differences between the 2 types of interdependence?

Answer 17

When asked to report an emotional event, women more likely to report events to do with close relationships.

Men more likely to report events related to membership in larger group.

Question 18

What is social identity theory?

Answer 18

Can perceive ourselves differently, depending on salience of personal or social identity.

Question 19

What is personal identity: intragroup comparison?

Answer 19

How I am different from the in-group.

Question 20

What is social identity: intergroup comparison?

Answer 20

How I am similar to the in-group.

Question 21

What is identity dilemma?

Answer 21

How people are treated by others and how they believe they will be treated in the future affects self-concept.
May change or try to hind identities.

Question 22

What is stereotype threat?

Answer 22

Believing that one will be judged by negative stereotype of
group or believing individuals will act like negative stereotype can have self-fulfilling effects and undermine performance.

Self-fulfilling prophecy - when others attribute negative characteristics to you, you take on those characteristics.

Question 23

What is an example of stereotype threat.

Answer 23

Female Ps told that men perform better on math tests
performed worse than those not told this

Question 24

How does stereotype threat manifest in dual identity?

Answer 24

Asian-American
women performed better on
maths test when their Asian
identity made salient than when
their female identity made salient

Question 25

What is self presentation?

Answer 25

The attempt by people to get others to see
them as they want to be seen.

Question 26

What is strategic self presentation?

Answer 26

To get praise, you can promote positive self-attributes, or flatter others.

Question 27

What is active deception?

Answer 27

College students report average of 2 lies a day to advance own interests or to protect another.
Those who tell lies seem to be more popular.

Question 28

Why is self presentation not always positive?

Answer 28

Self-handicapping - create obstacles and excuses, to be able to blame external circumstances for potential failure.

Question 29

What is self-regulation?

Answer 29

Controlling actions
Foregoing short term
rewards to wait for long term
rewards

Question 30

What is self-efficacy?

Answer 30

Belief that one can achieve a goal as a result of one’s own actions.
People high in self-efficacy devote more time and effort to tasks that can be solved

Question 31

What is the self-regulatory resource model?

Answer 31

Self control is a limited resource.
Participants who had to control themselves in one task (e.g., suppress emotions) engaged in less self-control (e.g., ate more cookies, gave up on a
task quickly)

Question 32

For which groups is self-regulatory strength stronger for?

Answer 32

Self-regulatory strengths stronger for people from
collectivistic cultures or with relational self-construal (close groups)

Question 33

What is the evolutionary values of self regulation in collectivist cultures?

Answer 33

Maintain important social relationships
Preserve social order

Eventually benefits the self – ppl need groups to
survive and meet important needs, both physiological
and psychological

“Implicit bargain” – being a better group member allows one to remain part of a group that benefits the self

Question 34

What does self regulation allow us to do?

Answer 34

Pursue self motive needs
Ppl have the need for accuracy, self improvement, consistency and self enhancement.

Question 35

What is need for consistency?

Answer 35

Need to maintain consistent self-concept

Question 36

What is self verification?

Answer 36

Seek out situations and information that are consistent with their existing self-views
* May actively try to make others agree about this self-view

Question 37

What is self enhancement?

Answer 37

Need to feel good & maintain self-esteem, positive illusions
More likely in western cultures

Question 38

What is self evaluation maintenance model?

Answer 38

May distance self from a close relationship, if close other performing better on a self-relevant task
* e.g., participants offered more help to a stranger than a friend on a task important to them