perceptia persoanei: formarea impresiilor

Question 1

What is social psychology?

Answer 1

The study of social and cognitive processes that shape human behaviour.

Question 2

What are the 2 perspectives to social psychology?

Answer 2

Behaviourism - the power of situation
Gestalt - the power of the mind

Question 3

What is behaviourism?

Answer 3

Human behaviour can be shaped by positive and negative reinforcements present in the environment.

Question 4

What is Gestalt?

Answer 4

Studies how social environments are represented in human mind and how social representations shape behaviours.

In order to understand human behaviour it is important to understand how people construct mental representations of social situations.

Question 5

What is person perception?

Answer 5

The process of learning about other people.
Forming impressions of others.
It takes us little time and effort to make up our mind about what other people are like.

Question 6

Where is person perception in the brain?

Answer 6

Humans have a unique place in the perception system.
Prefrontal cortex is active when we process info about other people rather than animals or objects.

Question 7

What is some evidence about the prefrontal cortex processing people?

Answer 7

Study showed that processing info about homeless people did not activate the prefrontal cortex - dehumanisation of those groups

Question 8

What did a follow up study show?

Answer 8

Homeless people were dehumanised only when homelessness was treated as something that is difficult to change.

Question 9

What have some people said about refugees?

Answer 9

People have said that those who belong to some groups like refugees are less evolved.

Question 10

Where is dehumanising in the brain?

Answer 10

Dehumanising low status groups has a special place in the brain - inferior parietal cortex, left inferior frontal cortex.

Question 11

What is processing information in interaction?

Answer 11

When other people are looking directly at us, we process their features more fully and faster, and we remember them better than when they are not looking.

Question 12

What is impression formation?

Answer 12

The process through which we form impressions of others/

Question 13

What is impression management?

Answer 13

Our efforts to produce favourable impressions of others.

Question 14

How quickly do first impressions form?

Answer 14

We form first impressions based on facial appearance in less than 100 milliseconds.
We infer about character from faces

Question 15

How young are children when they can infer character from faces?

Answer 15

Children as young as 3 years old

Question 16

1. What are some experiments that have been done about first impression?

Answer 16

Assessments about instructors made by students after 1 semester and after watching 10 seconds clips of lectures were highly correlated.

Question 17

2. What are some experiments that have been done about first impression?

Answer 17

People can accurately determine sexual orientation from photos of faces but not confident about own accuracy.

Question 18

3. What are some experiments that have been done about first impression?

Answer 18

People can accurately determine political orientation from photos of faces.

Question 19

What can AI do?

Answer 19

AI can determine sexual orientation and political orientation from pictures of faces.

Question 20

Why do first impressions often last?

Answer 20

1. Primacy effect
2. Belief Perseverance

Question 21

What is primacy effect?

Answer 21

The first traits we perceive in others influence how we view information that we learn about them later.

Question 22

What is belief perseverence?

Answer 22

The tendency to stick with an initial judgement even in the face of new information that should prompt us to consider.

Question 23

What do we notice first in others?

Answer 23

We quickly perceive threat.
For evolutionary purposes.

Question 24

What are facial expressions?

Answer 24

There are 7.
They are universal.
Same facial expressions in all cultures.

Question 25

How do cultures dictate what emotion people are supposed to show in what conditions?

Answer 25

Differences in eye contact
America: suspicious when ppl do not look them in the eye
Nigeria, Thailand: direct eye contact considered disrespectful

Question 26

How does non-verbal behaviour influence perceptions?

Answer 26

Our gestures, posture are additional source of info that we base out impressions formation on.

E.g. ppl who walk faster are perceived as happier and more powerful than those who walk slower.

Question 27

When is decoding nonverbal behaviour learnt?

Answer 27

Decoding nonverbal behaviour is learned before the development of language.

Question 28

What non-verbal communication do we use to form person perception?

Answer 28

Scents - play a role in emotional communication and contagion

Smell of ovulating women increased men’s testosterone.
Smell donated by boxers evoked preparation for fight reactions in others.
Smell of happy people induces happiness in others.

Question 29

When are ppl better able to detect people’s true emotions?

Answer 29

When they can see their bodies but not faces than when they can see faces but not body.
Liars control their facial expressions better than their bodily nonverbal behaviour.

Question 29

Are people good at detecting deception?

Answer 29

People are moderately good in detecting when others lie.
Meta analysis shows people detect lies correctly 54% of the time.