perceptia persoanei: formarea impresiilor Flashcards
What is social psychology?
The study of social and cognitive processes that shape human behaviour.
What are the 2 perspectives to social psychology?
Behaviourism - the power of situation
Gestalt - the power of the mind
What is behaviourism?
Human behaviour can be shaped by positive and negative reinforcements present in the environment.
What is Gestalt?
Studies how social environments are represented in human mind and how social representations shape behaviours.
In order to understand human behaviour it is important to understand how people construct mental representations of social situations.
What is person perception?
The process of learning about other people.
Forming impressions of others.
It takes us little time and effort to make up our mind about what other people are like.
Where is person perception in the brain?
Humans have a unique place in the perception system.
Prefrontal cortex is active when we process info about other people rather than animals or objects.
What is some evidence about the prefrontal cortex processing people?
Study showed that processing info about homeless people did not activate the prefrontal cortex - dehumanisation of those groups
What did a follow up study show?
Homeless people were dehumanised only when homelessness was treated as something that is difficult to change.
What have some people said about refugees?
People have said that those who belong to some groups like refugees are less evolved.
Where is dehumanising in the brain?
Dehumanising low status groups has a special place in the brain - inferior parietal cortex, left inferior frontal cortex.
What is processing information in interaction?
When other people are looking directly at us, we process their features more fully and faster, and we remember them better than when they are not looking.
What is impression formation?
The process through which we form impressions of others/
What is impression management?
Our efforts to produce favourable impressions of others.
How quickly do first impressions form?
We form first impressions based on facial appearance in less than 100 milliseconds.
We infer about character from faces
How young are children when they can infer character from faces?
Children as young as 3 years old
- What are some experiments that have been done about first impression?
Assessments about instructors made by students after 1 semester and after watching 10 seconds clips of lectures were highly correlated.
- What are some experiments that have been done about first impression?
People can accurately determine sexual orientation from photos of faces but not confident about own accuracy.
- What are some experiments that have been done about first impression?
People can accurately determine political orientation from photos of faces.
What can AI do?
AI can determine sexual orientation and political orientation from pictures of faces.
Why do first impressions often last?
- Primacy effect
- Belief Perseverance
What is primacy effect?
The first traits we perceive in others influence how we view information that we learn about them later.
What is belief perseverence?
The tendency to stick with an initial judgement even in the face of new information that should prompt us to consider.
What do we notice first in others?
We quickly perceive threat.
For evolutionary purposes.
What are facial expressions?
There are 7.
They are universal.
Same facial expressions in all cultures.
How do cultures dictate what emotion people are supposed to show in what conditions?
Differences in eye contact
America: suspicious when ppl do not look them in the eye
Nigeria, Thailand: direct eye contact considered disrespectful
How does non-verbal behaviour influence perceptions?
Our gestures, posture are additional source of info that we base out impressions formation on.
E.g. ppl who walk faster are perceived as happier and more powerful than those who walk slower.
When is decoding nonverbal behaviour learnt?
Decoding nonverbal behaviour is learned before the development of language.
What non-verbal communication do we use to form person perception?
Scents - play a role in emotional communication and contagion
Smell of ovulating women increased men’s testosterone.
Smell donated by boxers evoked preparation for fight reactions in others.
Smell of happy people induces happiness in others.
When are ppl better able to detect people’s true emotions?
When they can see their bodies but not faces than when they can see faces but not body.
Liars control their facial expressions better than their bodily nonverbal behaviour.
Are people good at detecting deception?
People are moderately good in detecting when others lie.
Meta analysis shows people detect lies correctly 54% of the time.
