comportament prosocial 1

Question 1

What is prosocial behaviour?

Answer 1

Actions that help others with no immediate benefit to the helper.

Question 2

What is helping?

Answer 2

Acting on behalf of others in need or emergency.

Question 3

What is altruism?

Answer 3

Helping someone when there is no expectation of a reward
Selfless

Question 4

What is empathy?

Answer 4

Emotional reactions oriented towards other people - understanding emotions of others

Question 5

What is compassion?

Answer 5

Carrying for others to ease their distress

Question 6

When are people less likely to help?

Answer 6

The bystander effect - people are less likely to offer help when they are in a group than when they are alone

Question 7

What is the decision-making perspective?

Answer 7

People decide whether or not to help based on a variety of perceptions and evaluations.

Question 8

What are the 5 decision-making steps that people go through before they help someone in an emergency?

Answer 8

1. Noticing or not that something unusual is happening
2. Correctly interpreting an event as an emergency
3. Deciding it is your responsibility to help
4. Deciding you have the skills to help
5. Making the final decision to help

Question 9

1. Research on noticing an event - stimuli overload

Answer 9

People more likely to help in rural setting than urban - suggests that in urban settings people might not notice because of the stimuli overload

When a man fell 50% helped in small towns. 15% helped in large cities

Question 10

What is the urban overload hypothesis?

Answer 10

People in cities r constantly bombarded with stimulation
They keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed

Question 11

1. Research on noticing an event - time

Answer 11

Seminary students told to rush or take their time across campus
63% of those NOT in a hurry vs 10% of those in a hurry helped a groaning stranger they passed

Time pressure particularly affected those who believe their research participation was of vital importance

Question 12

2. What is the research on interpreting an event as emergency?

Answer 12

Pluralistic ignorance - bystander assumption that nothin is wrong because no one else looks concerned

Ppts put in a room alone or with 2 confederates
Room filled with smoke
Confederates kept working
75% of alone ppts vs 38% with confederates reported smoke

Question 13

3. What is the research on taking responsibility?

Answer 13

Ppl may look to people in authority positions or helping professions

Diffusion of responsibility - bystanders to an emergency share responsibility
The more bystanders, the less any one of them feels responsible to act.
Being given responsibility increases helping

More bystanders = less helping

Question 14

4. What is the research on knowledge of how to help?

Answer 14

More likely to help if u know how
Perceiving oneself as competent to help increases the likelihood of taking responsibility

Question 15

5. What is the research on making the decision to act?

Answer 15

Evaluation apprehension - ppl afraid of embarrassing themselves or doing something wrong

Audience inhibition - failure to help in front of others for fear of feeling like a fool

Weighting the costs and benefits - placing yourself in danger
- sometimes act impulsively based on things like emotions and values

Question 16

When does helping increase?

Answer 16

When victim is:
- liked
- similar
- not responsible for their pain

When helper is:
- not in a hurry
- in a good mood

Question 17

What is the bystander effect?

Answer 17

People are less likely to offer help when they are in a group than when they are alone

Meta analysis show that if 1 person helps, others will help more - argument against diffusion or responsibility

Question 17

What is the effect of mood on helping?

Answer 17

More willing to help when in a good mood
84% helped after finding money
4% helped with no money

Question 17

What reduces helping?

Answer 17

Social exclusion
Darkness
Putting monetary value on time

Question 18

How does social exclusion reduce helping?

Answer 18

Feeling excluded or rejected reduces prosocial behaviour

Ppts were made to feel rejected - they were told in the future they will experience rejection
Those made smaller donations

Ppts who were told they will face misfortune gave as much as accepted condition

Excluded ppts report less empathy

Question 19

How does darkness influence helping?

Answer 19

Participants in dark vs bright room and wearing sun glasses vs not were more likely to act in a selfish manner

Question 20

How does putting economic value on time affect helping?

Answer 20

Billing for their time makes people less likely to volunteer

Question 21

Why do people help in terms of evolutionary psychology?

Answer 21

Darwin’s theory of evolution
- natural selection favours genes that promote the survival of the individual
- genes that increase survival and probability of producing offspring are likely to be passed on

Question 22

What is a problem with the evolutionary theory?

Answer 22

It can’t explain altruism if it assumes competition and survival of the fittest.
If people’s goal is to ensure their own survival, why would they help others at a cost to themselves

Question 23

What is kin selection?

Answer 23

Behaviours that help a genetic relative are favoured by natural selection - increase likelihood of passing on our genes

More likely to help those with the closest genetic relationships and those likely to survive and reproduce - young

Question 24

What is evidence to support kin selection?

Answer 24

People more likely to help relatives in death-life situations, like a house fire.
Animals help those genetically related
People reported they were more likely to help genetic relatives than non-relatives

Question 25

What is reciprocal altruism?

Answer 25

Because helping is usually reciprocated people provide help to obtain help in the future.

Question 26

What is the genetic determinism model?

Answer 26

Person observed emergency
Unconscious desire to help occurs if the person perceives the victim to be genetically similar to them
Person provides help in order to maximise the changes of survival of genes that are like those of the observer

Question 27

What is competitive altruism?

Answer 27

People help others more when their actions are witnessed by someone and a possibility of building a reputation exists
This will bring benefits - more likely to be chosen for leadership

Question 28

What is indirect reciprocity - the role of reputation?

Answer 28

Less littering and more donating when picture of eyes was on a poster.

Question 29

What is the norm of reciprocity?

Answer 29

The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future.

Question 30

What is the social exchange - the costs and rewards of helping?

Answer 30

What we do stems from desire to maximise rewards and minimise costs

Question 31

How can helping be rewarding?

Answer 31

The norm of reciprocity - increases likelihood of future help
Relief of bystander distress
Gain reward- social approval and increased feelings of self-worth

Question 32

How can helping be costly?

Answer 32

Physical danger
Pain
Embarrassment
Time

Question 33

What does social exchange theory argue?

Answer 33

True altruism doesn’t exist.
People help when the benefits outweigh the costs