agresie

Question 1

What is aggression?

Answer 1

Behaviour aiming to harm another living that does not want to be harmed.

Question 2

What is violence?

Answer 2

Forceful action to hurt another being - forcefully attacking others

Question 3

What are the different types of aggression?

Answer 3

Direct
Indirect
Hostile
Instrumental

Question 4

What is direct aggression?

Answer 4

Attempt to hurt another directly
Causing physical harm

Question 5

What is indirect aggression?

Answer 5

Passive aggression, e.g. spreading rumours.
Attempting to hurt another without obvious face-to-face actions.

Question 6

What is hostile aggression?

Answer 6

Aggression motivated by negative emotions like rage and anger, and aimed at inflicting plain.

Question 7

What is instrumental aggression?

Answer 7

A means to some goal other than causing pain. E.g. killing a soldier because you are serving your country.

Question 7

What are the nature theoretical perspectives of aggression?

Answer 7

Drive theories of aggression
Biological and evolutionary - aggression being innate

Question 8

What are the nurture theoretical perspectives of aggression?

Answer 8

Social learning theory - aggression is socially learnt
Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Question 9

Is aggression part of human nature?

Answer 9

Freud - the tendency to aggression is an innate, independent, instinctual disposition in man

Lorentz - we are animals and animals are inherently aggressive - survival of the fittest

Question 10

What is aggression like in animals? - social learning theory

Answer 10

Kitten and rat grew up together and cat refused to kill other rats - environment

Rats were born in isolation and then when they came together they used the same pattern of attack - suggests animals have patterns of aggressive behaviour that are inborn and instinctual - nature

Question 11

What is the gender differences support for the evolutionary view?

Answer 11

Males are more aggressive to get access to females and spread genes.
Males aggress because of jealously.

Question 12

What are the sex differences support for the evolutionary view?

Answer 12

Men report engaging in more aggressive behaviours than women.
Men are more likely to perform aggressive acts.
Men are more likely to aggress when NOT provoked.
Boys more physically aggressive, girls more indirectly aggressive BUT direct aggression is increasing among women.

Question 13

What is the biochemistry of aggression?

Answer 13

Hormones
High levels of testosterone increase probability of aggressive behaviour.

Question 14

What is the evidence for testosterone being linked to aggression?

Answer 14

Animals injected with testosterone became more aggressive.
Juvenile delinquents have higher testosterone levels than do college students.

Question 15

What is a counterargument for aggression and testosterone link?

Answer 15

Correlation does not mean causation.
It could be that being aggressive increases the production of testosterone.

Question 16

Is there a genetic predisposition for aggression?

Answer 16

The warrior gene predisposes men toward violent aggression but only after experience of violence in childhood.
Deficiency of warrior gene which regulates dopamine and serotonin levels.
Low warrior gene activity indicates more antisocial behaviour only when childhood maltreatment is severe.

Question 17

What is the culture of honor in the US?

Answer 17

White southern males are more aggressive than northerners
Southerners are more likely to be involved in homicide.

Question 18

What is the evidence that southerners are more aggressive?

Answer 18

White male students were bumped by a confederate in the hall and insulted.
Southern males were more likely to think masculine reputation was threatened, had higher testosterone, became more upset, and engaged in more aggressive behaviours.

Question 19

What is the evidence that aggression can be learnt?

Answer 19

Social-cognitive learning theory
People learn social behaviour through observation and imitation of others
We learn both positive (altruism) and negative (aggression) social behaviour.

Question 20

What is the evidence for social learning theory?

Answer 20

Bandura Bobo Doll
Children imitated aggressive adults and treated the doll in an abusive way

Question 21

What is the frustration-aggression theory?

Answer 21

When we find ourselves in conditions that frustrate our pursuit of goals, those situations evoke drive to harm others and this leads to aggressive behaviours.
Being prevented from attaining a goal increases the probability of an aggressive response.

Question 22

What is frustration?

Answer 22

Emotional response to obstacle to achieve a desirable goal - you want something and whilst you’re in the process of getting it, all of a sudden you’re prevented

Question 23

What enhances frustration?

Answer 23

Goal proximity
when you are closer to the goal = more frustration
more frustration = more aggression

Question 24

What is the evidence that goal proximity leads to more aggression?

Answer 24

Experiment - people cut into queues at various stages into the queue
The closer people were to the till, the more frustrated they were

HOWEVER
cultural effects - for polish people cutting into the queue is normal

Question 25

Does frustration always lead to aggression?

Answer 25

Frustration does not always lead to aggression.
It increases anger and readiness to aggress.

Question 26

What does the frustration-aggression link depend on?

Answer 26

Size and strength of the person responsible for frustration

Proximity to the person

Persons’ ability to retaliate

Persons’ intention

Question 27

Under what conditions is the likelihood of aggression reduced when there is frustration?

Answer 27

When frustration is understandable, unintentional, and legitimate.

Question 28

What is the role of aggressive cues?

Answer 28

Aggressive cues activate aggressive tendencies via a non-conscious automatic response.

Question 29

What are cues that increase likelihood of aggression?

Answer 29

1. Weapon effect - frustrated individuals more likely to be aggressive in the presence of weapons instead of neutral objects.
2. Students made angry through negative feedback. Those in room with a gun more likely to deliver higher shocks to another student than those in a room with a badminton racket.