agresie Flashcards
What is aggression?
Behaviour aiming to harm another living that does not want to be harmed.
What is violence?
Forceful action to hurt another being - forcefully attacking others
What are the different types of aggression?
Direct
Indirect
Hostile
Instrumental
What is direct aggression?
Attempt to hurt another directly
Causing physical harm
What is indirect aggression?
Passive aggression, e.g. spreading rumours.
Attempting to hurt another without obvious face-to-face actions.
What is hostile aggression?
Aggression motivated by negative emotions like rage and anger, and aimed at inflicting plain.
What is instrumental aggression?
A means to some goal other than causing pain. E.g. killing a soldier because you are serving your country.
What are the nature theoretical perspectives of aggression?
Drive theories of aggression
Biological and evolutionary - aggression being innate
What are the nurture theoretical perspectives of aggression?
Social learning theory - aggression is socially learnt
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
Is aggression part of human nature?
Freud - the tendency to aggression is an innate, independent, instinctual disposition in man
Lorentz - we are animals and animals are inherently aggressive - survival of the fittest
What is aggression like in animals? - social learning theory
Kitten and rat grew up together and cat refused to kill other rats - environment
Rats were born in isolation and then when they came together they used the same pattern of attack - suggests animals have patterns of aggressive behaviour that are inborn and instinctual - nature
What is the gender differences support for the evolutionary view?
Males are more aggressive to get access to females and spread genes.
Males aggress because of jealously.
What are the sex differences support for the evolutionary view?
Men report engaging in more aggressive behaviours than women.
Men are more likely to perform aggressive acts.
Men are more likely to aggress when NOT provoked.
Boys more physically aggressive, girls more indirectly aggressive BUT direct aggression is increasing among women.
What is the biochemistry of aggression?
Hormones
High levels of testosterone increase probability of aggressive behaviour.
What is the evidence for testosterone being linked to aggression?
Animals injected with testosterone became more aggressive.
Juvenile delinquents have higher testosterone levels than do college students.
What is a counterargument for aggression and testosterone link?
Correlation does not mean causation.
It could be that being aggressive increases the production of testosterone.
Is there a genetic predisposition for aggression?
The warrior gene predisposes men toward violent aggression but only after experience of violence in childhood.
Deficiency of warrior gene which regulates dopamine and serotonin levels.
Low warrior gene activity indicates more antisocial behaviour only when childhood maltreatment is severe.
What is the culture of honor in the US?
White southern males are more aggressive than northerners
Southerners are more likely to be involved in homicide.
What is the evidence that southerners are more aggressive?
White male students were bumped by a confederate in the hall and insulted.
Southern males were more likely to think masculine reputation was threatened, had higher testosterone, became more upset, and engaged in more aggressive behaviours.
What is the evidence that aggression can be learnt?
Social-cognitive learning theory
People learn social behaviour through observation and imitation of others
We learn both positive (altruism) and negative (aggression) social behaviour.
What is the evidence for social learning theory?
Bandura Bobo Doll
Children imitated aggressive adults and treated the doll in an abusive way
What is the frustration-aggression theory?
When we find ourselves in conditions that frustrate our pursuit of goals, those situations evoke drive to harm others and this leads to aggressive behaviours.
Being prevented from attaining a goal increases the probability of an aggressive response.
What is frustration?
Emotional response to obstacle to achieve a desirable goal - you want something and whilst you’re in the process of getting it, all of a sudden you’re prevented
What enhances frustration?
Goal proximity
when you are closer to the goal = more frustration
more frustration = more aggression
What is the evidence that goal proximity leads to more aggression?
Experiment - people cut into queues at various stages into the queue
The closer people were to the till, the more frustrated they were
HOWEVER
cultural effects - for polish people cutting into the queue is normal
Does frustration always lead to aggression?
Frustration does not always lead to aggression.
It increases anger and readiness to aggress.
What does the frustration-aggression link depend on?
Size and strength of the person responsible for frustration
Proximity to the person
Persons’ ability to retaliate
Persons’ intention
Under what conditions is the likelihood of aggression reduced when there is frustration?
When frustration is understandable, unintentional, and legitimate.
What is the role of aggressive cues?
Aggressive cues activate aggressive tendencies via a non-conscious automatic response.
What are cues that increase likelihood of aggression?
- Weapon effect - frustrated individuals more likely to be aggressive in the presence of weapons instead of neutral objects.
- Students made angry through negative feedback. Those in room with a gun more likely to deliver higher shocks to another student than those in a room with a badminton racket.
