Schedules / Reinforcement Quiz

Question 1

A _____ of reinforcement is the _____ requirement that must be met in order to obtain reinforcement

Answer 1

schedule; response

Question 2

On a _____ reinforcement schedule (abbreviated _____), each response is reinforced, whereas on an _____ reinforcement schedule, only some responses are reinforced. The latter is also called a)n) _____ reinforcement schedule

Answer 2

continuous; CRF; intermittent; partial

Question 3

Each time you flick the light switch, the light comes on. The behavior of flicking the light switch is a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement

Answer 3

continuous

Question 4

When the weather is very cold, you are sometimes unable to start your car. The behavior of starting your car in very cold weather is a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement

Answer 4

intermittent (partial)

Question 5

_____ are the different effects on behavior produced by different response requirements. These are the stable patterns of behavior that emerge once the organism has had sufficient exposure to the schedule. Such stable patterns are know as _____ behaviors

Answer 5

schedule effects; steady-state

Question 6

On a(n) _____ schedule, reinforcement is contingent upon a fixed number of responses

Answer 6

fixed ratio

Question 7

A schedule in which 15 responses are required for each reinforcer is abbreviated _____

Answer 7

FR 15

Question 8

A mother finds that she always has to make the same request three times before her child complies. The mother’s behavior of making requests is on an _____ schedule of reinforcement

Answer 8

FR 3

Question 9

An FR 1 schedule of reinforcement can also be called a _____ schedule

Answer 9

continuous (CRF)

Question 10

A fixed ratio schedule tends to produce a _____ rate of response, along with a _____

Answer 10

high; post-reinforcement pause

Question 11

A FR 200 schedule of reinforcement will result in a _____ pause than an FR 50 schedule

Answer 11

longer

Question 12

The typical FR pattern is sometimes called a _____ pattern, with a _____ pause that is followed immediately by a _____ rate of response

Answer 12

break-and-run; post-reinforcement pause; high

Question 13

A FR 12 schedule of reinforcement is _____ than a FR 75 schedule

Answer 13

denser

Question 14

A very dense schedule of reinforcement can also be referred to as a very _____ schedule

Answer 14

rich

Question 15

Over a period of months, Aaron changed from complying with each of his mother’s requests to complying with every other request, then with every third request, and so on. The mother’s behavior of making requests has been subjected to a procedure known as__

Answer 15

stretching the ratio

Question 16

On a variable ratio schedule, reinforcement is contingent up a _____ of responses

Answer 16

varying, unpredictable number

Question 17

A variable ratio schedule typically produces a _____ rate of behavior _____ a postreinforcement pause

Answer 17

high; without

Question 18

An average of 1 in 10 people approached by a panhandler actually gives him money. His behavior of panhandling is on a _____ schedule or reinforcement

Answer 18

VR 10

Question 19

As with a FR schedule, an extremely lean VR schedule can result in _____

Answer 19

ratio strain

Question 20

On a fixed interval schedule, reinforcement is contingent upon the _____ response following a _____ period of _____

Answer 20

first; fixed, predictable; time

Question 21

Responding on an FI schedule is often characterized by a _____ pattern of responding consisting of a _____ followed by a gradually _____ rate of behavior as the interval draws to a close

Answer 21

scalloped; post-reinforcement pause; increasing

Question 22

On a pure FI schedule, any response that occurs _____ the interval is irrelevant

Answer 22

during

Question 23

On a variable interval schedule, reinforcement is contingent upon the _____ response following a _____ period of _____

Answer 23

first; varying, unpredictable; time

Question 24

You find that by frequently switching station on you radio, you are able to hear your favorite song an average of once every 20 minutes. Your behavior of switching stations is thus being reinforced on a _____ schedule

Answer 24

VI 20-min

Question 25

In general, variable interval schedules produce a _____ and _____ rate of response with little or no _____

Answer 25

moderate; steady; post-reinforcement pause

Question 26

In general, _____ tend to produce a high rate of response. This is because the reinforcer in such schedules is entirely _____ contingent, meaning that the rapidity with which responses are emitted _____ greatly affect how soon the reinforcer is obtained

Answer 26

ratio schedules; response; does

Question 27

On _____ schedules, the reinforcer is largely time contingent, meaning that the rapidity with which responses are emitted has _____ effect on how quickly the reinforcer is obtained

Answer 27

interval; little

Question 28

In general, _____ schedules produce little or no postreinforcement pausing because such schedules often provide the possibility of relatively _____ reinforcement, even if one has just obtained a reinforcer

Answer 28

variable; immediate

Question 29

In general, _____ schedules produces postreinforcement pauses because obtaining one reinforcer means that the next reinforcer is necessarily quite _____

Answer 29

fixed; distant

Question 30

On a _____ schedule, reinforcement is contingent upon responding continuously for a varying period of time; on an _____ schedule, reinforcement is contingent upon the first response after a fixed period of time

Answer 30

variable duration; fixed interval

Question 31

As Tessa sits quietly, her mother occasionally givers her a hug as a reward. This is an example of a _____ schedule

Answer 31

variable duration

Question 32

In practicing the slow-motion form of exercise known as tai chi, Tung noticed the more slowly he moved, the more thoroughly his muscles relaxed. This is an example of _____ reinforcement of _____ behavior (abbreviated _____)

Answer 32

differential; low rates of; DRL

Question 33

On a video game, the faster you destroy all the targets, the more bonus points you obtain. This is an example of _____ reinforcement of _____ behavior (abbreviated _____)

Answer 33

differential; high rates of; DRH

Question 34

Frank discovers that his golf shots are much more accurate when he swings the club with a nice, even rhythm that is neither too fast nor too slow. This is an example of _____ reinforcement of _____ behavior (abbreviated _____)

Answer 34

differential; paced; DRP

Question 35

On a _____ schedule of reinforcement, a response is not required to obtain a reinforcer. Such a schedule is also called a response _____ schedule of reinforcement

Answer 35

noncontingent; independent

Question 36

Every morning at 7:00 a.m. a robin perches outside Marilyn’s bedroom window and begins singing. Given that Marilyn very much enjoys the robin’s song, this is an example of a _____ 24-hour schedule of reinforcement (abbreviated _____)

Answer 36

fixed time; FT 24-hour

Question 37

For farmers, rainfall is an example of a noncontingent reinforcer that is typically delivered on a _____ schedule (abbreviated _____)

Answer 37

variable time; VT

Question 38

When noncontingent reinforcement happens to follow a particular behavior, that behavior may _____ in strength. Such behavior is referred to as _____ behavior

Answer 38

increase; superstitious

Question 39

Herrnstein (1966) noted that superstitious behaviors can sometimes develop as a by-product of _____ reinforcement for some other behavior

Answer 39

contingent

Question 40

As shown by the kinds of situations in which superstitious behaviors develop in humans, such behaviors seem most likely to develop on a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement

Answer 40

VT

Question 41

During the time that a rat is responding to a VR 100 schedule, we begin delivering additional food on a VT 60-second schedule. AS a result, the rate of response on the VR schedule is like to _____

Answer 41

decrease

Question 42

A child who is often hugged during the course of the day, regardless of what he is doing, is in humanistic terms receiving unconditional positive regard. In behavioral terms, he is receiving a form of _____ social reinforcement.

Answer 42

contingent

Question 43

As a result, this child may be _____ likely to act out in order to receive attention

Answer 43

less

Question 44

A complex schedule is one that consists of _____

Answer 44

two or more simple schedules

Question 45

In a(n) _____ schedule, the response requirement changes as a funtion of the organism’s performance while responding for the previous reinforcer,

Answer 45

adjusting

Question 46

while in a(n) _____ schedule, the requirements of two or more simple schedules must be met before the reinforcer is delivered

Answer 46

conjunctive

Question 47

To the extent that a gymnast is trying to improve his performance, he is likely on a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement; to the extent that his performance is judged according to both the form and quickness of his moves, he is on a(n) _____ schedule

Answer 47

adjusting; conjunctive

Question 48

A chained schedule consists of a sequence of two or more simple schedules, each of which has its own _____ and the last of which results in a _____

Answer 48

discriminative stimulus; terminal reinforcer

Question 49

Within a chain, completion of each of the early links ends in a(n) _____ reinforcer, which also functions as the _____ for the next link of the chain

Answer 49

secondary; discriminative stimulus

Question 50

Responding tends to be weaker in the _____ links of a chain. This is an example of the _____ effect in which the strength and/or efficiency of responding _____ as the organism approaches the goal

Answer 50

earlier; goal gradient; increases

Question 51

An efficient way to train a complex chain, especially in animals, is through _____ chaining, in which the _____ link of the chain is trained first.

Answer 51

backward; last

Question 52

However, this type of procedure usually is not required with verbally proficient humans, with whom behavior chains can be quickly established through _____

Answer 52

instructions

Question 53

One suggestion for enhancing our behavior in the early part of a long response chain is to make the completion of each link more _____, thereby enhancing its value as a _____ reinforcer

Answer 53

salient; secondary

Question 54

According to drive reduction theory, an event is reinforcing if it is associated with a reduction in some type of _____ drive

Answer 54

physiological

Question 55

According to this theory (drive reduction), a _____ reinforcer is one that has been associated with a _____ reinforcer

Answer 55

secondary; primary

Question 56

A major problem with drive reduction theory is that _____

Answer 56

some behaviors do not seem to be related to a physiological drive

Question 57

The motivation that is derived from some property of the reinforcer is called _____ motivation

Answer 57

incentive

Question 58

The Premack principle holds that reinforcers can often be viewed as _____ rather than stimuli. For example, rather than saying that the rat’s lever pressing was reinforced with food, we could say that it was reinforced with _____ food

Answer 58

behaviors; eating

Question 59

The Premack principle states that a _____ behavior can be used as a reinforcer for a _____ behavior

Answer 59

high probability; low probability

Question 60

According to the Premack principle, if you crack your knuckles 3 times per hour and burp 20 times per hour, the opportunity to _____ can probably be used as a reinforcer for _____

Answer 60

burp; cracking your knuckles

Question 61

If you drink five soda pops each day and only one glass of orange juice, then the opportunity to drink _____ can probably be used as a reinforcer for drinking _____

Answer 61

soda; orange juice

Question 62

If “Chew bubble gum –> Play video games” is a diagram of a reinforcement procedure based on the Premack principle, then chewing bubble gum must be a _____ probability behavior than playing video games

Answer 62

lower

Question 63

What is grandmas rule, and how does it relate to the Premack principle?

Answer 63

First you work (LPB), then you play (HPB)

Question 64

According to the response deprivation hypothesis, a response can serve as a reinforcer if free access to the response is _____ and its frequency then falls _____ its baseline level of occurrence

Answer 64

restricted; below

Question 65

If a child normally watches 4 hours of television per night, we can make television watching a reinforcer if we restrict free access to the television to _____ than 4 hours per night

Answer 65

less

Question 66

The response deprivation hypothesis differs from the Premack principle in that we need only know the baseline frequency of the _____ behavior

Answer 66

reinforcing

Question 67

Kaily typically watches television for 4 hours per day and reads comic books for 1 hour per day. You then set up a contingency whereby Kaily must watch 4.5 hours of television each day in order to have access to her comic books.

Answer 67

Continue on next slide

Question 68

According to the Premack principle, this will likely be an _____ contingency. According to the response deprivation hypothesis, this would be an _____ contingency

Answer 68

ineffective; effective

Question 69

According to the behavioral _____ approach, an organism that _____ engage in alternative activities will distribute its behavior in such a way as to _____ the available reinforcement

Answer 69

bliss point; can freely; optimize

Question 70

Contingencies of reinforcement often _____ the distribution of behavior such that it is _____ to obtain the optimal amount of reinforcement

Answer 70

disrupt; impossible