Chapter 20 Chaining Flashcards
a specific sequence of discrete responses, each associated with a particular stimulus condition.
Behavior chain
A behavior chain has the following three important characteristics:
(a) A behavior chain involves the PERFORMANCE of a specific SERIES of DISCRETE RESPONSES .
(b) the performance of EACH BEHAVIOR in the SEQUENCE changes the environment in such a way that it PRODUCES conditioned REINFORCEMENT for the PRECEDING RESPONSE and SERVES as an SD for the NEXT RESPONSE.
(c) the responses within the chain MUST be PERFORMED in a SPECIFIC SEQUENCE, usually in close TEMPORAL SUCCESSION.
Behavior chain with a limited hold
A SEQUENCE of BEHAVIORS that must be PERFORMED CORRECTLY and WITHIN a SPECIFIED TIME to produce reinforcement.
Chaining
Various methods for LINKING specific SEQUENCES of STIMULI and RESPONSES to form new performances.
A specific sequence of discrete responses. Each associated with a particular stimulus condition. When components are linked together, they form a chain that produces a terminal outcome
Forward chaining
Behaviors are linked together beginning with the first behavior in the sequence.
the behaviors are linked together beginning with the last behavior in the sequence.
Backward chaining
Task analysis
Breaking a complex skill into smaller, teachable units, the product of which is a series of sequentially ordered steps or tasks.
Three methods can be used to identify and validate the components of task analysis.
1) The behavioral components of the sequence are developed after OBSERVING COMPETENT INDIVIDUALS perform the desired sequence of behaviors.
2) CONSULT with EXPERTS or persons skilled in performing the task.
3) To PERFORM the BEHAVIORS oneself
Two principal ways to assess a person’s mastery level of task analysis.
- SINGLE-OPPORTUNITY method
2. MULTIPLE-OPPORTUNITY method
Single-opportunity method
Designed to assess a learner’s ability to perform each behavior in the task analysis in the correct sequence.
Assessment EVALUATES the PERSON’s level of MASTERY across ALL the BEHAVIORS in the task analysis.
If a step is performed incorrectly, out of sequence, or the time limit for completing the step is exceeded, the BEHAVIOR ANALYST COMPLETES that step for the learner and then positions her for the next step.
Each step performed correctly is scored as a correct response, even if the learner erred (made a mistake) on the previous steps.
Multiple-opportunity method
Two main advantages of forwarding chaining:
(a) It can be used to link smaller chains into larger ones
(b) it is relatively easy, so teachers are likely to use it in the classroom.
Total-task chaining A.KA.
Total-task presentation
or
Whole-task presentation
Variation of forward chaining in which the learner receives training on each step in the task analysis during every session.
Total-task chaining
Follows essentially the same procedures as backward chaining, except that not every step in the task analysis is trained
Backward chaining with leap aheads
