Chapter 19 shaping

Question 1

Shaping

Answer 1

The process of systematically and deferentially reinforcing successive approximations to a terminal behavior.

Question 2

The end product of shaping—a terminal behavior — can be claimed when the _______, _______, _______, _______, and ________/_______ of the target behavior REACHES a PREDETERMINED CRITERION level.

Answer 2

topography, frequency, latency, duration, and amplitude/magnitude

Question 3

Two key procedural components of shaping are _____________ __________, and ___________ __________.

Answer 3

differential reinforcement and successive approximations.

Question 4

Differential Reinforcement in Shaping:

Answer 4

REINFORCING those RESPONSES with a RESPONSE CLASS that meet a SPECIFIC CRITERION along some DIMENSION (e.g., frequencies, magnitude, etc.) and placing ALL OTHERS on extinction.

Question 5

Two effects of Differential reinforcement leading to response differentiation:

Answer 5

1. RESPONSES SIMILIAR to those that have been REINFORCED occur with GREATER FREQUENCY, and
2. RESPONSES resembling the UNREINFORCED members are emitted LESS FREQUENTLY (i.e., they undergo extinction).

Question 6

Response differentiation

Answer 6

the EMERGENCE of a NEW RESPONSE CLASS composed primarily of RESPONSES SHARING the CHARACTERISTICS of the previously reinforced subclass.

Question 7

Successive Approximations

Answer 7

the sequence of new response classes that emerge during the shaping process as the result of differential reinforcement.

each successive approximation class is closer in form to the terminal behavior than the response class it replaces

Question 8

The gradually changing criterion for reinforcement during shaping results in a succession of ___ ________ _______, or __________ ____________, each one closer in form to the terminal behavior than the response class it replaces.

Answer 8

new response classes or successive approximations

Question 9

Behavior can be shaped in terms of what dimensions?

Answer 9

• Topography (form of the behavior).
• Frequency (number of responses per unit of time).
• Latency (time between onset of antecedent stimulus and the occurrence of the behavior).
• Duration (total elapsed time for the occurrence of the behavior).
• Amplitude (magnitude).

Question 10

Shaping Across and Within Response

Topographies

Answer 10

Across response topographies
• TOPOGRAPHY of behavior CHANGES during shaping
• Behaviors are still members of the SAME RESPONSE CLASS.

Within response topographies
• TOPOGRAPHY of behavior REMAINS CONSTANT
• ANOTHER MEASURABLE DIMENSION of behavior is CHANGED (e.g., duration of the behavior)

Question 11

Limitations of Shaping

Answer 11

Limitations of Shaping
• Can be time consuming
• Progress is not always linear and may be erratic
• Requires a skillful trainer, who can recognize subtly closer approximations
• Can be misapplied (problem or harmful behaviors can be accidentally shaped)

Question 12

In _________, the antecedent stimulus stays the same, while the response progressively becomes more differentiated

Answer 12

Shaping

Question 13

In _________ ______, The antecedent stimulus changes gradually, while the response stays essentially the same.

Answer 13

stimulus fading

Question 13

Shaping vs. Fading

Answer 13

• Both change behavior gradually
• SHAPING via changing RESPONSE REQUIREMENTS
• FADING by CHANGING ANTECEDENT stimuli

Question 14

1. Using a discriminative stimulus,
2. A vocal prompt,
3. Physical guidance,
4. An imitative prompt, or priming.

Any prompt that is introduced is later faded

Answer 14

Ways to improve efficiency of shaping.

Question 15

A science-based system for shaping behavior using positive reinforcement.

Answer 15

Clicker training

Question 16

A handheld device that produces a click sound when a metal tab is pressed, provides the signal that when a behavior is being performed in the presence of the click, reinforcement follows

Answer 16

The clicker

Question 18

________- sources of distraction during shaping enhances the effectiveness of the process

Answer 18

Eliminating