CH16 - Motivating Operations

Question 1

Motivating Operation MO

Answer 1

An ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLE that:
a) ALTERS (increases or decreases) the REINFORCING or PUNISHING EFFECTIVENESS of some STIMULUS, object, or event (VALUE altering); and

b) ALTERS (increases or decreases) the CURRENT FREQUENCY of ALL BEHAVIOR that has been REINFORCED or PUNISHED by that STIMULUS, object or event (BEHAVIOR altering)

Question 2

Establishing Operation (EO)

Answer 2

An ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLE that:

(a) INCREASES the EFFECTIVENESS of some STIMULUS, object or event AS a REINFORCER (Value-altering).
(b) INCREASES the CURRENT FREQUENCY of all BEHAVIOR that has been REINFORCED by that STIMULUS, object or event in the past (Behavior-Altering).

Example - food deprivation establishes food as an effective reinforcer and evokes behaviors that obtained that reinforcer in the past.

“Makes a STIMULUS MORE Desirable “

Question 3

Abolishing Operation

Answer 3

DECREASES the CURRENT EFFECTIVENESS of some STIMULUS, object, or event as REINFORCEMENT. (Value-altering).

DECREASES the CURRENT FREQUENCY of all BEHAVIOR that has been REINFORCED by that STIMULUS, object, or event (Behavior-altering).

Example - the reinforcing effectiveness of food is abolished as a result of food ingestion

Question 4

Value-Altering effect

Answer 4

Value-altering EO: INCREASES the REINFORCING EFFECTIVENESS of some STIMULUS, object or event. (More VALUABLE in the moment)

Value-altering AO: DECREASES the REINFORCING EFFECTIVENESS of some STIMULUS, object or event. (Less Valuable in the moment)

Question 5

Behavior-Altering effect

Answer 5

Evocative effect:
INCREASE in the CURRENT FREQUENCY of BEHAVIOR that has been REINFORCED by some STIMULUS, object, or EVENT

Abative effect:
DECREASE in the CURRENT FREQUENCY of BEHAVIOR that has been REINFORCED by some STIMULUS, object, or EVENT

Question 6

Evocative Effect

Answer 6

an INCREASE in the CURRENT FREQUENCY of BEHAVIOR that has been REINFORCED by some STIMULUS, object or event, that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operations.

Question 7

Abative Effect

Answer 7

a DECREASE in the CURRENT FREQUENCY of BEHAVIOR that has been REINFORCED by the STIMULUS, object or EVENT, that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation

Question 8

Recovery from Punishment procedure

Answer 8

The OCCURRENCE of a PREVIOUSLY PUNISHED type of RESPONSE WITHOUT its punishing CONSEQUNCE; has the effect of undoing the effect of the punishment.

Question 9

Unconditioned Motivating Operation (UMO) - Phylogeny

Answer 9

a MO whose VALUE-ALTERING effect does not depend on a learning history;

Example - food deprivation increases the reinforcing effectiveness of food without the necessity of any learning history.

Question 10

Nine UMO’s

Answer 10

1) Food deprivation/ingestion
2) Water deprivation/ingestion
3) Sleep deprivation/sleeping
4) Activity deprivation/being active
5) Oxygen deprivation/breathing;,
6) Sex deprivation
7) Becoming to warm
8) Becoming too cold
9) Increase in painful stimulus/ decrease in painful stimulation

Question 11

UMO’s; two key take aways:

Answer 11

1. NO PRIOR exposure, LEARNING, or UNDERSTANDING is required for a UMO to have a VALUE-ALTERING effect. (a baby that is hungry).
2. Relevant MO MUST be in EFFECT in FUTURE CIRCUMSTANCES for behavior to occur.

Question 12

Reinforcer Establishing Effects

Answer 12

An INCREASE in the REINFORCING effectiveness of a STIMULUS, object, or event CAUSED BY a MOTIVATING operation. “Deprivation”

DEPRIVATION of any of the following UMO’s causes them to become REINFORCERS: food, water, oxygen, activity, and sleep.

Question 13

Reinforcer Abolishing effect

Answer 13

An DECREASE in the REINFORCING effectiveness of a STIMULUS, object, or event CAUSED BY a MOTIVATING operation. “SATIATION”

Food & water ingenstion, engaging in sleeping. Engaging in activity (you rest), oxygen intake (you exhale).

Question 14

Conditioned Motivating Operations (CMO)

Answer 14

A MO whose VALUE-ALTERING effect DEPENDS on a LEARNING history.

Some motivation is related to a person’s learning history and not to their biology. - learned motivation operations.

Question 15

Surrogate CMO

CMO-S

Answer 15

1) A STIMULUS that ACQUIRES its MO EFFECTIVENESS by being PAIRED with another MO and
2) has the SAME VALUE-altering and BEHAVIOR-altering effects as the MO with which it was paired.

Question 16

Transitive CMO

CMO-T

Answer 16

The PRESENTATION of one STIMULUS makes some OTHER stimulus more VALUABLE.

One STIMULUS that MAKES us WANT/need ANOTHER stimulus.

Environmental variable that establishes or abolishes the reinforcing effectiveness of another stimulus and evokes or abated the behavior that has been reinforced by the other stimulus

When presented with a bottle of bubbles, the value of having the bottle opened will increase.

Question 17

CMO-T’s and SD’s

Answer 17

CMO-T is often confused with SD. The distinction between SD & CMO-T lies in the relation between reinforcer availability & presence or absence of the stimulus

SD:
if REINFORCER is more available in the presence than in the absence of the stimulus

CMO-T:
if REINFORCER is just as available in the absence as in the presence of the stimulus

Question 18

Reflexive CMO

CMO-R

Answer 18

a STIMULUS that has Systematically PRECEDED some Form of WORSENING or IMPROVEMENT.

a STIMULUS that “ACQUIRES MO EFFECTIVENESS” by PRECEDING some form of WORSENING or IMPROVEMENT.

Alters a relation to itself exemplified by the warning stimulus in a typical escape-avoidance procedure, which establishes its own offset as reinforcement and evokes all behavior that has accomplished that offset

Question 19

CMO-R Promise Type

Answer 19

Improving Condition.
A stimulus that has been linked to things being better.

Example: The arrival of the RBT at home; a client begins to get excited over the possibility of receiving edibles.

Question 20

Unpairing

Answer 20

any RELATIONSHIP developed by a pairing procedure CAN generally BE WEAKENED.

Question 21

MO Diagram

Answer 21

MO —-> EO or AO

EO —-> an Increased VALUE-ALTERING EFFECT or BEHAVIOR-ALTERING EFFECT (Evoke)

AO —-> an Decreased VALUE-ALTERING EFFECT or BEHAVIOR-ALTERING EFFECT (Abate)

Question 22

Behavior-Altering has two effects:

Answer 22

Two types:

1) DIRECT effect: direct evocative or abative effect of the MO ON RESPONSE FREQUENCY.
2) *INDIRECT effect: indirect evocative or abative EFFECT on the STRENGTH of relevant DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULI (SDs).

Example: through repeated attempts of drinking Slurpee the potency of Sd will change.

MO should evoke the behavior even if it does not occur at first.

Question 23

MO’s and SD’s Similarities

Answer 23

1) are ANTECEDENT VARIABLES that have BEHAVIOR-ALTERING effects.

2) Both are components of an existing repertoire.
* ** MO’s & SD’s Work Together: for something to function as a Reinforcer there needs to be a MO to let you know that the Reinforcer has Value.

Question 24

MO’s and SD’s Differences:

Answer 24

MO refers to the EFFECTIVENESS of a STIMULUS to FUNCTION as a REINFORCER.
“If you have a need for it, you want it”

SD refers to the AVAILABILITY of a STIMULUS.
“It’s AVAILABLE”

Question 25

Consequence Variables

Answer 25

Different from MO’s and SD’s.

they CHANGE the organism’s REPERTOIRE of FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS so that the organism BEHAVES DIFFERENTLY in the FUTURE.

C.V. include REINFORCERS, PUNISHERS, and the OCCURRENCE of a RESPONSE WITHOUT its reinforcer (EXTINCTION) or without its punisher

Question 26

Behavior-Altering versus Function-Altering effect

Answer 26

1) SDs and MOs are ANTECEDENTS. Reinforcers, Punishers, and Response Occurrence without Consequences are CONSEQUENCES .
2) SDs and MOs alter the CURRENT FREQUENCY of behavior. REINFORCERS, PUNISHERS, and RESPONSE occurrence WITHOUT CONSEQUENCE (Extinction procedures) alter the FUTURE FREQUENCY of behavior.