CH16 - Motivating Operations Flashcards
Motivating Operation MO
An ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLE that:
a) ALTERS (increases or decreases) the REINFORCING or PUNISHING EFFECTIVENESS of some STIMULUS, object, or event (VALUE altering); and
b) ALTERS (increases or decreases) the CURRENT FREQUENCY of ALL BEHAVIOR that has been REINFORCED or PUNISHED by that STIMULUS, object or event (BEHAVIOR altering)
Establishing Operation (EO)
An ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLE that:
(a) INCREASES the EFFECTIVENESS of some STIMULUS, object or event AS a REINFORCER (Value-altering).
(b) INCREASES the CURRENT FREQUENCY of all BEHAVIOR that has been REINFORCED by that STIMULUS, object or event in the past (Behavior-Altering).
Example - food deprivation establishes food as an effective reinforcer and evokes behaviors that obtained that reinforcer in the past.
“Makes a STIMULUS MORE Desirable “
Abolishing Operation
DECREASES the CURRENT EFFECTIVENESS of some STIMULUS, object, or event as REINFORCEMENT. (Value-altering).
DECREASES the CURRENT FREQUENCY of all BEHAVIOR that has been REINFORCED by that STIMULUS, object, or event (Behavior-altering).
Example - the reinforcing effectiveness of food is abolished as a result of food ingestion
Value-Altering effect
Value-altering EO: INCREASES the REINFORCING EFFECTIVENESS of some STIMULUS, object or event. (More VALUABLE in the moment)
Value-altering AO: DECREASES the REINFORCING EFFECTIVENESS of some STIMULUS, object or event. (Less Valuable in the moment)
Behavior-Altering effect
Evocative effect:
INCREASE in the CURRENT FREQUENCY of BEHAVIOR that has been REINFORCED by some STIMULUS, object, or EVENT
Abative effect:
DECREASE in the CURRENT FREQUENCY of BEHAVIOR that has been REINFORCED by some STIMULUS, object, or EVENT
Evocative Effect
an INCREASE in the CURRENT FREQUENCY of BEHAVIOR that has been REINFORCED by some STIMULUS, object or event, that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operations.
Abative Effect
a DECREASE in the CURRENT FREQUENCY of BEHAVIOR that has been REINFORCED by the STIMULUS, object or EVENT, that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation
Recovery from Punishment procedure
The OCCURRENCE of a PREVIOUSLY PUNISHED type of RESPONSE WITHOUT its punishing CONSEQUNCE; has the effect of undoing the effect of the punishment.
Unconditioned Motivating Operation (UMO) - Phylogeny
a MO whose VALUE-ALTERING effect does not depend on a learning history;
Example - food deprivation increases the reinforcing effectiveness of food without the necessity of any learning history.
Nine UMO’s
1) Food deprivation/ingestion
2) Water deprivation/ingestion
3) Sleep deprivation/sleeping
4) Activity deprivation/being active
5) Oxygen deprivation/breathing;,
6) Sex deprivation
7) Becoming to warm
8) Becoming too cold
9) Increase in painful stimulus/ decrease in painful stimulation
UMO’s; two key take aways:
- NO PRIOR exposure, LEARNING, or UNDERSTANDING is required for a UMO to have a VALUE-ALTERING effect. (a baby that is hungry).
- Relevant MO MUST be in EFFECT in FUTURE CIRCUMSTANCES for behavior to occur.
Reinforcer Establishing Effects
An INCREASE in the REINFORCING effectiveness of a STIMULUS, object, or event CAUSED BY a MOTIVATING operation. “Deprivation”
DEPRIVATION of any of the following UMO’s causes them to become REINFORCERS: food, water, oxygen, activity, and sleep.
Reinforcer Abolishing effect
An DECREASE in the REINFORCING effectiveness of a STIMULUS, object, or event CAUSED BY a MOTIVATING operation. “SATIATION”
Food & water ingenstion, engaging in sleeping. Engaging in activity (you rest), oxygen intake (you exhale).
Conditioned Motivating Operations (CMO)
A MO whose VALUE-ALTERING effect DEPENDS on a LEARNING history.
Some motivation is related to a person’s learning history and not to their biology. - learned motivation operations.
Surrogate CMO
CMO-S
1) A STIMULUS that ACQUIRES its MO EFFECTIVENESS by being PAIRED with another MO and
2) has the SAME VALUE-altering and BEHAVIOR-altering effects as the MO with which it was paired.
Transitive CMO
CMO-T
The PRESENTATION of one STIMULUS makes some OTHER stimulus more VALUABLE.
One STIMULUS that MAKES us WANT/need ANOTHER stimulus.
Environmental variable that establishes or abolishes the reinforcing effectiveness of another stimulus and evokes or abated the behavior that has been reinforced by the other stimulus
When presented with a bottle of bubbles, the value of having the bottle opened will increase.
CMO-T’s and SD’s
CMO-T is often confused with SD. The distinction between SD & CMO-T lies in the relation between reinforcer availability & presence or absence of the stimulus
SD:
if REINFORCER is more available in the presence than in the absence of the stimulus
CMO-T:
if REINFORCER is just as available in the absence as in the presence of the stimulus
Reflexive CMO
CMO-R
a STIMULUS that has Systematically PRECEDED some Form of WORSENING or IMPROVEMENT.
a STIMULUS that “ACQUIRES MO EFFECTIVENESS” by PRECEDING some form of WORSENING or IMPROVEMENT.
Alters a relation to itself exemplified by the warning stimulus in a typical escape-avoidance procedure, which establishes its own offset as reinforcement and evokes all behavior that has accomplished that offset
CMO-R Promise Type
Improving Condition.
A stimulus that has been linked to things being better.
Example: The arrival of the RBT at home; a client begins to get excited over the possibility of receiving edibles.
Unpairing
any RELATIONSHIP developed by a pairing procedure CAN generally BE WEAKENED.
MO Diagram
MO —-> EO or AO
EO —-> an Increased VALUE-ALTERING EFFECT or BEHAVIOR-ALTERING EFFECT (Evoke)
AO —-> an Decreased VALUE-ALTERING EFFECT or BEHAVIOR-ALTERING EFFECT (Abate)
Behavior-Altering has two effects:
Two types:
1) DIRECT effect: direct evocative or abative effect of the MO ON RESPONSE FREQUENCY.
2) *INDIRECT effect: indirect evocative or abative EFFECT on the STRENGTH of relevant DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULI (SDs).
Example: through repeated attempts of drinking Slurpee the potency of Sd will change.
MO should evoke the behavior even if it does not occur at first.
MO’s and SD’s Similarities
1) are ANTECEDENT VARIABLES that have BEHAVIOR-ALTERING effects.
2) Both are components of an existing repertoire.
* ** MO’s & SD’s Work Together: for something to function as a Reinforcer there needs to be a MO to let you know that the Reinforcer has Value.
MO’s and SD’s Differences:
MO refers to the EFFECTIVENESS of a STIMULUS to FUNCTION as a REINFORCER.
“If you have a need for it, you want it”
SD refers to the AVAILABILITY of a STIMULUS.
“It’s AVAILABLE”
Consequence Variables
Different from MO’s and SD’s.
they CHANGE the organism’s REPERTOIRE of FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS so that the organism BEHAVES DIFFERENTLY in the FUTURE.
C.V. include REINFORCERS, PUNISHERS, and the OCCURRENCE of a RESPONSE WITHOUT its reinforcer (EXTINCTION) or without its punisher
Behavior-Altering versus Function-Altering effect
1) SDs and MOs are ANTECEDENTS. Reinforcers, Punishers, and Response Occurrence without Consequences are CONSEQUENCES .
2) SDs and MOs alter the CURRENT FREQUENCY of behavior. REINFORCERS, PUNISHERS, and RESPONSE occurrence WITHOUT CONSEQUENCE (Extinction procedures) alter the FUTURE FREQUENCY of behavior.
