CH02 - Basic Concepts

Question 1

3 term contingency

Answer 1

antecedent- behavior- consequence

Question 2

antecedent

Answer 2

environmental conditions or stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to the behavior of interest

Question 3

automaticity of reinforcement

Answer 3

behavior is modified by its consequences regardless of whether the individual is aware s/he is being reinforced.

Question 4

aversive stimulus and its function

Answer 4

An unpleasant or noxious stimulus;

A stimulus condition that functions

1) to evoke a behavior that has terminated the aversive stimulus in the past
2) as a punisher
3) as a reinforcer when terminated

Question 5

behavior

Answer 5

Portion of the organism’s interaction with the environment

Characterized by displacements in space through time:
Temporal locus (when)
Temporal extent (duration)
Repeatability (frequency)

Results in a measurable change in some aspect of the environment

Question 6

conditioned punisher (CP)

Answer 6

stimulus events or conditions that are presented or that occur just before or simultaneously with the occurrence of other punishers may acquire the ability to punish on their own consequence

Question 7

conditioned reinforcer (CR)

Answer 7

stimulus events or conditions that are presented or that occur just before or simulations with the occurrence of other reinforcers may acquire the ability to reinforce behavior when they later occur on their own consequences.

Question 8

conditioned stimulus (CR)

Answer 8

stimulus created after stim-stim pairing creates a condiitioned reflex

Question 9

consequence

Answer 9

Stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest, especially those that are immediate

Relevant to current motivational states

Some influence future behavior, others have little effect

Can be social or nonsocial

Question 10

contingency

Answer 10

various types of temporal of functional relations between behavior and antecedent and consequent variables.

Question 11

contingent

Answer 11

dependency of a particular consequences on the occurrence of behavior.

Question 12

deprivation

Answer 12

the state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer.
(e.g. procedure of increasing the effectiveness of a reinforcer.

Question 13

discriminated operant

Answer 13

a behavior that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than it does under others

Question 14

discriminative stimulus

Answer 14

a stimulus that the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced. (e.g. reinforced is available)

Question 15

environment

Answer 15

everything except the moving parts of an organism involved in the behavior; only real physical events included

All behavior occurs within an environmental context;
Behavior cannot be emitted in an environmental void or vacuum

Stimulus

Question 16

extinction

Answer 16

when reinforcement is withheld, the frequency of behavior will gradually decrease to pre-reinforcement levels or cease occur altogether

Question 17

habituation

Answer 17

process of gradually diminishing response strength

Question 18

higher order conditoning

Answer 18

stimulus-stimulus pairing of an NS with a CS

Question 19

History of reinforcement

Answer 19

repertoire of behaviors each person brings to any situation has been selected, shaped and maintained by…

Question 20

Motivating operations

Answer 20

an environmental variable that-alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus
-alters the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object or event.

Question 21

negative reinforcement

Answer 21

frequency of behavior increases because past responses resulted in the removal or termination of a stimulus.

Question 22

neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 22

stimulus that dies not elicit a reflex response

Question 23

ontogency

Answer 23

individual organism

Question 24

operant behavior

Answer 24

any behavior whose future frequency is determined primarily by its history of consequences.

Question 25

operant conditioning

Answer 25

process and selective effects of consequences on behavior.

Question 26

phylogeny

Answer 26

history of species

Question 27

positive reinforcement

Answer 27

a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus and results in the behavior occurring more often in the future

Question 28

punisher

Answer 28

decrease of response frequency

Question 29

punishment

Answer 29

when a behavior is followed by a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar situations

Question 30

reflex

Answer 30

stimulus- response relation, part of organism genetic endowment

Question 31

reinforcement

Answer 31

if a bx is followed closely in time by a stimulus event and as a result the future frequency of that type of BX increases in similar conditions.

Question 32

reinforcer

Answer 32

increase of response frequency

Question 33

repertoire

Answer 33

all behaviors a person can do set or collection of knowledge and skills

Question 34

respondent behavior

Answer 34

BX that is elicited by antecedent stimuli. induced or brought out by a stimulus that precedes the behavior, nothing else is required for the response to occur.

Question 35

respondent conditioning

Answer 35

``` new stimuli can acquire that ability to elicit respondents. NS+US=UR NS+US=UR US=UR CS=CR ```

Question 36

respondent extinction

Answer 36

procedure of repeatedly presented a CS without the US until the CS is no longer elicits the conditioned response

Question 37

response

Answer 37

Specific instance of behavior action of an organisms effector (organ at the end of an efferent nerve fiber that is specialised for altering its environment)

Question 38

response class

Answer 38

A group of responses with the SAME FUNCTION Each response in the group produces the SAME EFFECT on the ENVIRONMENT

Question 39

Satiation

Answer 39

a decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed as the result of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior (e.g. procedure for reducing the effectiveness of a reinforcer.

Question 40

~Selection by consequences

Answer 40

all forms of LIFE EVOLVE as a RESULT of SELECTION with respect to FUNCTION

Question 41

Stimulus

Answer 41

an ENERGY CHANGE that EFFECTS an ORGANISM through its RECEPTOR CELLS

Question 42

stimulus class

Answer 42

any group of stimuli sharing a predetermined set of common elements in one or more of the following dimensions: ``` Formal (physical features) dimensions of stimuli Temporal locus (when) of stimuli Behavioral functions (effect) of stimulus changes ```

Question 43

Stimulus control

Answer 43

when a discriminated operant occurs at a higher frequency in the presence of a given stimulus than it does in the absence of that stimulus

Question 44

Stimulus= stimulus pairing

Answer 44

pairing a neutral stimuli with an unconditioned stimuli

Question 45

unconditioned punisher

Answer 45

stimulus change that can decrease the future frequency of any behavior that precedes it without prior pairing with any other form of punishment

Question 46

unconditioned reinforcer (UR)

Answer 46

a stimulus change that can increase the future frequency of behavior without prior pairing with any form of reinforcement.

Question 47

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 47

reflex=response

Question 48

response topography

Answer 48

the form, or physical characteristics of a behavior

Question 49

formal dimensions of stimuli

Answer 49

Physical characteristics Descriptions, measurements, manipulations based on: Size, color, intensity, weight, etc. Can be Social Nonsocial

Question 50

temporal loci of stimuli

Answer 50

When stimulus changes that occur prior to (Antecedent) Immediately after (Consequence) Environmental conditions or stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to the behavior play a critical part in learning and motivation Learners do not need to be aware of antecedents for antecedents to effect behavior

Question 51

Stimulus changes

Answer 51

best understood through a functional analysis of their effects on behavior Immediate control Delayed, or no apparent effect Stimulus changes An immediate but temporary effect of increasing or decreasing the current frequency of the behavior A delayed but relatively permanent effect in terms of the frequency of that type of behavior in the future

Question 52

Principle of behavior

Answer 52

Describes a functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables (b = fx) Thorough generality across individual organisms, species, settings, behaviors Empirical generalization inferred from many experiments Describe how behavior works Reinforcement, punishment, extinction

Question 53

Behavior change tactic

Answer 53

Research-based, technologically consistent method for changing behavior that has been derived from one or more basic principles of behavior Sufficient generality across subjects, settings, and or behaviors to warrant its codification & dissemination Technological aspect of ABA

Question 54

Three ways to describe a Stimulus

Answer 54

1. Formally (PHYSICAL FEATURES) 2. Temporally (WHEN they OCCUR with respect to a behavior of interest) 3. Functionally (EFFECTS on BEHAVIOR)