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SS - Exam 4 > Scaling And Hyperkeratosis > Flashcards

Scaling And Hyperkeratosis Flashcards

1
Q

Scale

A

Or flakes is the build up of loose fragments (clusters) of the
stratum corneum
Due to disorder of:
-Maturation of the epidermis
- Glandular (sebaceous) secretion

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2
Q

Crust

A

Composed of stratum corneum, fibrin, inflammatory & red blood cells - usually thicker than a scale

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3
Q

Cornification

A

Process of stratum basale cells, requires atp, zinc or lack of can affect this process

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4
Q

Epidermal turnover rate

A

20-25 days
Requires delicate balance between cell death & renewal

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5
Q

Hyperkeratosis

A

Abnormal thickening of stratum corneum
Attempting to heal from insults or damage
Basal cells are stimulated to produce more daughter cells
Stratum corneum is replenished faster than it is desquamated
Can be part of the aging process - senile Hyperkeratosis on nose and footpads

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6
Q

Primary Cornification disorders

A

Genetic abnormalities in cornification process
1. Ichthyosis
2. Canine primary seborrhea
Can be managed but not cured

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7
Q

Secondary cornification disorders

A

Abnormalities caused by underlying disease
1. Scabies
2. Allergic dermatitis
3. Metabolic disease
4. Endocrine disease

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8
Q

Scaling and hyperkeratosis

A

Majority (>90%) of scaling/HK is caused by underlying disease
Due to inflammation that stimulates epidermal turnover
Important to investigate & treat the underlying disease

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9
Q

Canine Ichthyosis

A

Breed disposition - golden retriever, doodle, bulldog, jack Russell, Great Dane

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10
Q

Cause of canine Ichthyosis

A

Genetic abnormality in formation of stratum corneum due to malformation of intercellular lipid
Onsets at younger ages

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11
Q

Lesions of canine Ichthyosis

A

Large white to grey scales, most noticeable on ventrum but can be generalized
Pruritus is usually NOT seen UNLESS there is 2nd infection

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12
Q

DX of Ichthyosis

A

Skin biopsy, genetic testing - clinical signs and flakes

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13
Q

TX of Ichthyosis

A

TX is NOT curative - only targets symptoms and improves skin barrier function
Topical and systemic therapy
Topical
- kertolytic shampoo - exfoliating shampoo (SA acid/sulfur)
- moisturizers & Antimicrobials shampoo - chlorhexidine
- oil based spot treatment
Systemic - retinoids

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14
Q

Canine primary seborrhea

A

Most common in cocker spaniels, springer spaniels and X, westies and terriers

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15
Q

Cause of primary seborrhea

A

Increase in epidermal turnover rate - 7 days instead of 21d
Due to increase in BM cell division
Leads to abnormal cornification and desquamation
Can also affect basal cell lining ear canal and gland function

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16
Q

Clinical features of primary seborrhea - skin lesion

A

Skin lesions present <1 y and progress in severity w age
- excessive scaling - generalized
- severe around mouth/eyes, pinnae, skin folds w excessive greasiness
- 2nd infection is common - yeast/bacteria
- follicular cast is also common

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17
Q

Clinical features of primary seborrhea - otitis externa

A

Due to increased scaling in ear canal and cerumen +/- secondary infection

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18
Q

Seborrhea sicca vs oleosa

A

Sicca - flakey skin appearence
Oleosa - greasy skin appearence

19
Q

DX of primary seborrhea

A

EARLY onset, breeds
Skin lesions develop (usually) BEFORE pruruitis
Skin biopsy - non diagnostic bc there’s other causes of 2nd seborrhea w similar histopath - aka not specific

20
Q

Tx of primary seborrhea

A

NOT curative
1. Control scaling - antiseborrheic shampoo - sulfur, SA acid
2. Control 2nd infection - topical or systemic meds
3. “Control” /attempt epidermal turnover rate w Vit A or retinoids

21
Q

Sebaceous adenitis

A

Common in poodles, akitas, samoyeds, vizslas, havanese
Caused by destruction of sebaceous glands by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

22
Q

Function of sebaceous glands

A

Holocrine glands that open through a
duct into the infundibulum. Secrete oily emulsion called sebum that spreads over the hair shaft and skin
Functions of sebum:
-Glossy sheen, keeps skin/hair soft and pliable
-Permeability barrier
-Retain moisture
-Chemical barrier from pathogens

23
Q

Sebaceous adenitis in long coat

A

Poodle, Akita, Samoyed
Darker or lighter hair color
Poodles: loss of curl
Excessive scaling or follicular cast
Poor and dull hair coats
Matting /clumping, partial alopecia

24
Q

Clinical signs of sebaceous adenitis in short coat

A

Viszslas, dachshund
Multi focal annular areas of scaling and alopecia
Can progress/enlarge & turn polycyclic or coalesce to a large lesion
Moth eaten appearence

25
Q

Key clinical features of sebaceous adenitis

A

Lesions first present dorsally head to lumbar and Dorso-ventral progression
Lesions then progress to generalized distribution
Pruritus varies from not present to severe
2nd infection can occur and contribute to or worsen puritus

26
Q

DX of sebaceous adenitis

A

Skin biopsy - select lesions w abundant scaling/follicular cast

27
Q

TX of sebaceous adenitis

A

Control scaling - antiseborrheic shampoo
Cyclosporine
Not all dogs respond to treatment and require life long Tx

28
Q

Zinc responsive dermatosis

A

RARE chronic cornification disorder that responds to zinc supplementation. Two types

29
Q

type I ZRD

A

Caused by a genetic defect in zinc absorption leading to impaired desquamation
Breeds: Siberian husky, Alaskan malamutes can occur in others

30
Q

Type II ZRD

A

Affects puppies fed w zinc deficient diet
RARE today due to commercial diets

31
Q

Clinical features of ZRD type I

A

Young adult onset (1-3)
Tightly adherent THICK scales, Hyperkeratotic plaques
Crusting lesions can develop

32
Q

Distribution of ZRD type I

A

Face - periorbital, perioral, pinnae
Pressure points on limbs (elbows, hocks) footpads

33
Q

DX of ZRD Type I

A

Skin biopsy - select lesions with abundant thick adherent scales or hyperkeratotic lesions

34
Q

TX for ZRD type I

A
  1. Premium dog food
  2. Zinc supplementation
  3. Low dose prednisone may improve response
35
Q

Malassezia dermatitis

A

Malassazia pachydermatis is NF on cats and dog skin
Common areas: lip commissures, ext ear canal, interdigital skin and perineum (moist skin folds)

36
Q

Clinical features of malassezia dermatitis

A

Excessive scaling ONE OF many skin lesions caused. Also includes:
- erythema
- self induced alopecia (due to pruritus)
- hyperpigmentation and lichenification
- greasiness (seborrhea oleosa)
- rancid or foul smelling skin

37
Q

Important clinical features of malassezia dermaitis

A

Smell is NOT specific to malassezia dermaitis - smells can develop due to bacterial or yeast infection

38
Q

Underlying diseases that favor malassezia overgrwoth

A
  1. Allergic dermatitis or allergic otitis
  2. Intertrigo (esp in facial and vulvar folds)
39
Q

DX of malassezia dermatitis

A

Skin CYTOLOGY
Yeasts on cytology DO NOT correlate w disease severity
Need to correlate clinical signs and skin lesions with cytology

40
Q

TX of malassezia dermaitis

A
  1. Location or otitis externa - topical antifungal shampoo/ointment/cream
  2. Generalized - systemic antifungal (azole) + topical
  3. Investigate underlying cause that could predispose and treat accordingly
41
Q

Cutaneous lymphoma

A

Lots of names and lesions
Rare in cats and dogs
Dogs presentation is highly variable

42
Q

Clinical features of cutaneous lymphoma

A

Periorbital Depigmentation, erosion, crust
Exfoliative erythroderma
SKIN BIOPSY IS A MUST - but which lesion ??

43
Q

DX of cutaneous lymphoma

A

Take biopsy samples from
- depigmented lesions
- lesions w loss of architecture
- erythematous & scaly lesions
- plaques or nodules
NEVER biopsy an entirely ulcerative lesion

44
Q

TX of cutaneous lymphoma

A

GRAVE Px
Treatment is palliative

SS - Exam 4 (28 decks)

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