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SS - Exam 4 > Equine Derm 1 > Flashcards

Equine Derm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Common problem list for horses

A

Pruritis
• Alopecia/ alteration of hair quantity or quality
• Scaling and crusting (dry dermatosis)
• Weeping and seeping (moist dermatosis)
• Pastern dermatitis
• Nodule
• Pigmentary alterations

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2
Q

Diagnostic methods for equine DX

A

Skin scraping
•Groomings
•Tape preparation
•Needle aspirate
•Restriction/provocation test
•Serology
• Hair sampling
•Culture/sensitivity
•Biopsy
•Allergy testing
•Hematology
•Evaluate other organ systems

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3
Q

Pathophys of skin problems in horses

A

Inflammation* main cause of itchy skin
Acute: neutrophils, mononuclear phag
Chronic: lymph, macrophages
Hypersensitivity reactions: 1-4

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4
Q

Lesion location

A

Ventral midline
Distal limbs
Face
Trunk
Dorsal trunk
Cranial trunk
Caudal trunk

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5
Q

Ventral midline

A

Linear, widespread, Culicoides or black flies
Focal = horn fly

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6
Q

Distal limb

A

Vasculitis, chorioptes mites
Rare: contact allergy, atopic derm, Dermatophytes

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7
Q

Face

A

Atopic dermatitis, black flies, stable flies

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8
Q

Trunk

A

Dermatophyte, vasculitis, atopic dermatitis, lice, trombiculids, food allergy

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9
Q

Dorsal trunk

A

Culicoides (mane, tail) black flies

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10
Q

Cranial trunk

A

Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans)

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11
Q

Caudal trunk

A

Culicoides, pinworms, atopic dermatitis, yeast (malassezia)

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12
Q

Pediculosis

A

Equine lice
Damalinia equi - small, broad body, square head
Haematopinus asini - larger body, conical head
Common in abuse situations
Can Tx with permethrin or oral ivermectin

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13
Q

Cluicoides hypersensitivity

A

Causes sweet itch in horses
Most common allergic dermatitis in horses***
Hypersensitivity due to antigens in insect saliva
Seasonal flair in warm ares

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14
Q

Pathophys of Culicoides hypersensitivity

A

Bites from midges or gnats
Breed in stagnant water, feed in low light situations
Primary bite causes irritation in all horses which can develop an allergic reaction
Common in welsh, Icelandic, shires, Arabs

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15
Q

Clinical signs of cluicoides hypersensativity

A

Seasonal pruritis
• Secondary alopecia, crusting and scaling
Seasonal pattern of pruritis
• Warm weather
• Temporal pattern of pruritis
• Worst in evening and early morning
Characteristic pattern of lesion distribution
• Mane
• Tail head
• Ventral midline

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16
Q

Diagnosing Culicoides hypersensitivity

A

Seasonality
• Distribution of lesions
• History of exposure
• Response to therapy
• Intradermal Testing
• Biopsy

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17
Q

Treating Culicoides hypersensitivity

A

Decrease insect exposure
• Do not turn affected horses out during dawn and dusk
• Keep in stable during those times – stall may even require
ultrafine insect netting and overhead fans
• Physical barriers – sheets or ’dresses’
• Insect repellent
• Oil based wipe on permethrin products seem to last longest and provide best protection
Benzyl benzoate in oil - ’Killitch’
Corticosteroids
• Topical betamethasone/triamcinolone
• Oral prednisolone

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18
Q

Fly and insect irritation clinical signs

A

Tabanus spp. (Horse flies)
- painful bites, pruritic wheal, central bite mark with blood
Stomoxys calcitrans (Stable flies)
-Relatively large skin lesion, often several in a group • Simulium spp. (Black flies)
-Extreme irritation and painful bites, especially on ears and head
• May be associated with development of aural plaques,
hypersensitivity reactions • Haemotobia spp. (Buffalo and horn flies)
• Characteristic head-down position in groups, especially around shoulders, neck, withers, flanks and abdomen; blood may be observed at site of bite

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19
Q

Tabanus

A

Horse flies
Painful bites, pruritic wheal

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20
Q

Stomoxys calcitrans

A

Stable flies
Large skin lesions

21
Q

Simulium spp

A

Black flies
Extreme irritation & painful bites - head and ears
Can cause hypersensitivity reactions

22
Q

Haematobia

A

Buffalo and horn flies
Feed with head down, deep painful bites

23
Q

Oxyuriasis

A

Equine pinworms
Anal pruritis - tail rubbing
DX w acetate tape prep
TX w anthelminitc therapy

24
Q

Urticaria

A

Type I hypersensitivity reaction
Common with drug associated reactions
Results in wheals, intense pruritis ***

25
Q

DX of urticaria

A

Vary to determine cause
Intradermal allergy, ELISA/RAST - serology
Food / contact allergy

26
Q

TX of urticaria

A

Avoid exposure
Acute: epinephrine or systemic corticosteroids
Antihistamines
Hyposensitization

27
Q

Atopy

A

Genetically mediated type I hypersensitivity
- caused by environmental antigens
Recurrent pruritis /self trauma
Last resort DX - ruled everything else out

28
Q

TX Atopy

A

Allergen avoidance
Hyposensitization
Systemic glucocorticoids

29
Q

Alopecia

A

Non specific derm sign
Hair growth failure or loss of hair

30
Q

Scaling and crusting

A

Dry dermatosis
Excessive flaking of skin , accumulation of dried exudate

31
Q

Dermatophytosis

A

RINGWORM- highly contagious
Enters through abrasions
Circular lesions w raised scars, develop alopecia with scaling

32
Q

Etiology of Dermatophytosis

A

Trichophytosis - most common
- trich. Equi equi
- trich. Equi autotrophicum
Microsporosis
- microsporum gypseum, m. Equi, canis

33
Q

DX and Tx of Dermatophytosis

A

Clinical signs
Hair plucking - DTM culture
Topical fungicides - azole, sulfur

34
Q

Deramtophilosis

A

Rain scald - Dermatophilus congolensis
Common in rainy seasons
Alopecia, crusting, pruritis, paint brush lesions (scabs)

35
Q

Pathophys of dermatophilosis

A
36
Q

Clinical signs of dermatophilosis

A
37
Q

Tx of dermatophilosis

A
38
Q

Pemphigus foliaceus

A

Autoimmune disorder - type II hypersensitivity
Autoantibodies to epidermal antigens
- vesicle & pustules
Acute inflame - coronary band, chestnuts, ergot
Also causes scaling and marked alopecia

39
Q

DX findings for pemphigus foliaceus

A

Direct impression smear - acanthocytes * indicative but also seen with other derm lesions
Biopsy —> histopath
- acantholysis, intraepithelial bulla formation

40
Q

Tx pemphigus foliaceus

A

Immunosuppressive therapy w GC’s
Prednisolone or dexamethasone
Gold therapy - injecting gold salts

41
Q

Px for pemphigus foliaceus

A

Poor long term prognosis
Younger horses respond better
Goal is remission**

42
Q

Actinic dermatoses

A

Photosensitization
Sunburn - chemical reaction to UV light
Affects nonpigmented skin

43
Q

Primary path of actinic dermatoses

A

Ingestion of photodynamic plants
UV light + photodynamic agent
Dermal lesions

44
Q

Secondary path of actinic dermatoses

A

Secondary photo plants, hepatotoxic drugs, hepatic disease, hepatic damage
Inhibits clearance of phylloerythrin
UV light + phylloerythrin
Dermal lesions

45
Q

Clinical signs of photosensitive

A

Restless, erythema, blisters, serum exudation, scab formation
Secondary self trauma & bacterial infection
Large areas affected can slough off and become leathery

46
Q

DX for photosensitive

A

Important to screen liver w chemistry for evidence of heptopathy

47
Q

Offending plants for photosensitive

A

St. Johnswort, buckwheat, perennial rye grass, clover
Rape grass, spine brush

48
Q

Tx photosensitive

A

Remove from sunlight
Remove offending plants
Treat hepatic diseases
+/- topical diseases to enhance comfort

SS - Exam 4 (28 decks)

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