Saturated Hydrocarbons Flashcards
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
- etymology
- main definition
- common real-life application example
- 2 example types
- Greek “Aleiphas” (fat
- fats contain long chains of hydrocarbons
- petroleum
- alkanes & cycloalkanes
FAT vs OIL
fat is solid @ room temp
oil is liquied @ room temp
PETROLEUM
- a mixture of?
- that must be?
- mixture of hydrocarbons
- must be fractionated (refined) before use
PETROLEUM - IMPORTANT TERMS (2)
- E-K
- ____ of engines
- due to?
- occurs when? - O-R-F
- a measure by which?
- based on?
- relationship between OCTANE NO. & grade
ENGINE KNOCK
- over-heating of engines
- uncontrollable combustion
- when poor fuels are used
OCTANE RATING OF FUELS
- anti-knock properties of fuels are judged
- 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (100 rating) & n-heptane (0 rating)
- direct: the higher the octane no., the better
ALKANES
- other term + etymology
- _____ hydrocarbons
- general formula?
- how many bonds?
- 3 types
- Latin “paraffins” - from parum affinis (slight affinity to most lab reagents)
- SATURATED hydrocarbons
- (Cn) + (H2n+2)
- single-bonded
- straight-chained alkanes
- branched-chain alkanes
- cycloalkanes
ALKANES & CYCLOALKANES - Physical Properties
- Physical states @ room temp (3)
- Solubility (2)
- Boiling Point (3)
- -C1 to C4 = gas
- C5 to C17 = liquid
- C18 above = solid - soluble in NON-POLAR solvents
- insoluble in highly POLAR solvents (like water)
- soluble in NON-POLAR solvents
- straight-chained: longer = higher BP*
- branch-chained: more spherical/branching = lower bp**
- ring: bigger size = higher bp
- straight-chained: longer = higher BP*
*due to heavier molecular weight = stronger LDF
**due to less surface area = weaker IMFA
ALKANES - Nomenclature
3 ways
- Common name
- Systematic Names
- Alkyl Groups
ALKANES - NOMENCLATURE – common name
rules for:
1. straight chain
2. branched chain (1 substituent in 2nd C)
3. branched chain (2 substituents in 2nd C)
- n-butane
ENDS IN -CH(CH3)2
2. isobutane
ENDS IN -CH(CH3)3
3. neopentane
** n- is talicized/underlined
ALKANES - NOMENCLATURE – systematic name
- devised by?
- general formula
- International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC name)
LOCANT-PREFIX-PARENT-SUFFIX
ALKANES - NOMENCLATURE – Alkyl Groups
- occurs when?
- what is changed in the name for:
1. straight-chained
2. branched-chained
- occurs when a hydrogen is removed from an alkane
- straight
-ane is changed to -yl (Methane -> Methyl) - branched
- if attached to:
primary C: iso-/neo- is retained + Alkyl group (EX: isopropyl/neopentyl)
secondary C: iso-/neo- is removed + sec-+ Alkyl group (EX: sec-butyl/sec-pentyl)
tertiary C: iso-/neo- is removed + tert- / t- + Alkyl group (EX: tert-butyl/t-pentyl)
*sec, tert/t is italicized/underlined
**sec, tert/t seems to be only applicable to butyl and pentyl
4 classifications of C and H atoms
+ relationship between the classification of C and H atoms
- and based on what?
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary
- quaternary
classification of C = classification of H attached
- dependent on how many C atoms is attached to chosen C atom
CYCLOALKANES
- other term
- general formula for molecular structire
- genera formula for name
- structure
- alicyclic (aliphatic cyclic) compounds
- (Cn) + (H2n)
- cyclo + alkane group
- ring structure
ALKANES & CYCLOALKANES - NOMENCLATURE – systematic name
- Find the parent chain, and NAME it
*alkanes: longest C chain w/ most substituent
*cycloalkanes:
if no. of C in ring ≥ no. of C outside (PC: cyclo)
if no. of C in ring < no. of C outside (PC: outside chain) - Number the carbons from left to right and vice versa, & locate the substituents of the parent chain
- Add the numbered carbons of all substituents, and the order with the least sum will be the basis for naming the substituents
- List substituents in alphabetical order
- Use multiplier prefixes, comma-separate numbers, hyphen-separate numbers from names
- Write the whole name as a single word, with the substituents mentioned first, and the parent chain being the last
CYCLOALKANES
interpret the ff:
- no. of C in ring ≥ no. of C outside
- no. of C in ring < no. of C outside
- alkyl substituted cycloalkane
- cycloalkane substituted alkyl
OCTANE RATING NO. INTERPRETATION
91
93
95
91 - Regular
93 - Mid-grade
95 - Premium
