exer 6 Flashcards
_____ are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms
hydrocarbons
4 classifications of hydrocarbons
- alkanes
- alkenes
- alkynes
- aromatic hydrocarbons
ALKANES
2 types of bonds (or atom-bond-atom)?
+ polarity
C-C
C-H
non-polar
ALKANES
HYBRIDIZATION of carbon atoms?
+ is it true for all carbon or not?
sp3
for all carbons
ALKANES
- general rxns that alkanes can under go?
- cannot undergo
+ reason
+ specific example of rxn that alkanes can undergo
free radical rxns - HALOGENATION
cannot undergo ionic rxns due to non-polar bonds
BROMINATION TEST
- TEST that indicates what?
- loss of _____ color of ____ (in what type of hydrocarbons does this happen?)
- evolution of ____ of _____ + (in what type of hydrocarbons does this happen?)
FREE-RADICAL SUBSTITUTION
- red-orange color of molecular bromine (alkane and alkene)
- gas of HBr (alkane only)
ALKENES
- 2 types of bonds? + origin
- pi (overlap of p orbitals Cp-Cp) and sigma (overlap of Csp2 - Csp2)
ALKENES
- the double bonds is a site of______ ______ ______
+ result of this (2)
high electron density
alkenes react with ELECTROPHILIC and OXIDIZING REAGENTS
ALKENES
2 possible RXNS of alkenes + palatandaan for each
- electrophilic addition (reacts w halogens & does not require light/heat)
- free radical addition (occurs at a slower rate)
ALKENES
- 2 tests to determine presence of a C=C
+ added reagents
+ positive test
- Bromination
- loss of red-orange color but NO HBr gas evolves
- Br in CHCl2 - Baeyer’s Test
- for hydroxylation (syn addition of OH)
- purple color of KMnO4 disappears as permanganate ion is reduced to MnO2 (brown precipitate)
- KMnO4 + H2O
ALKENES
- 3 products of hydroxylation
glycol (vicinal diol) + MnO2 + KOH
ALKENES
- 1 product of addition of halogen
vicinal/alkyl dihalide
ALKYNES
products of the ff rxns:
- Halogenation (1)
- Oxidation (3)
- tetrahalide
- alpha-diketone + MnO2 + KOH
ALKYNES
- test used?
- what type of alkyne is tested?
+ reagent added
+ products (2)
TOLLEN’S TEST
- for terminal alkynes only
ammoniacal or alcoholic silver nitrate (AgNO3)
gray ppt silver acetylide + HNO3
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
- characterized by the presence of a _____ ____ ____ of _____
- do they undergo the same rxn as alkanes and alkynes?
- cyclic pi system of electrons
- NO
