Salivary and Gastric Secretions Flashcards
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
- exocrine use ducts to secrete (salivary and gastric glands)
- endocrine are ductless (enteroendocrine cells)
What do the secretions in the GIT do?
- digest
- lubricate
- protect
What is a hypotonic solution?
- low concentration of solutes outside cells
- high concentration of water outisde the cell
- water therefore moves into cell and cell swells
What is a hypertonic solution?
- high concentration of solutes outside cells
- low concentration of H2O outside the cell
- water leaves the cell to dilute and shrivels up
What is saliva?
- high volume hypotonic solution
- pH 6-7
- 99% H2O
- some electrolytes and enzymes
What are the 3 main functions of saliva?
- lubrication
- protection – oral hygiene/antimicrobial agents
- initiate chemical digestion
What are the 3 main salivary glands?
1 - parotid glands
2 - submandibular glands
3 - sublingual glands
The parotid glands are exocrine glands that secrete saliva in the oral cavity. What % do they contribute to total saliva and how and where are they located?
- contribute around 25% of total saliva
- parotid means behind the ears
- located towards back of jaw under the ears
The submandibular glands are exocrine glands that secrete saliva in the oral cavity. What % do they contribute to total saliva and how and where are they located?
- contribute 70% of total saliva
- secrete serous and mucus
- located at bottom of the jaw
The sublingual glands are exocrine glands that secrete saliva in the oral cavity. What % do they contribute to total saliva and how and where are they located?
- secret around 5% of mucus
- located under the tongue
What are dispersed salivary glands?
- small glands in oral cavity
- located in lips, cheeks, tongue and mucosa of the mouth
What are the main electrolytes secreted in saliva and why are they important?
- K+, HCO3-, Na+, Cl-
- maintain oral pH
What antibody is commonly present in saliva?
- IgA
- main antibody secreted in bodily fluids
What are the 4 enzymes in saliva?
1 - alpha amylase
2 - lysozyme
3 - lingual lipase
4 - lactoferrin
What is the function of alpha amylase present in saliva?
- hydrolysis of a-1,4 glycosidic bonds in starch
- hydrolyises to disaccharide maltose, trisaccharide maltotriose and a-dextrin
- accounts for aproximaltye 75% of starch digestion
What is the function of lysozyme present in saliva?
- antimicrobial
- hydrolyses (breaks down) peptidoglycans in walls of bacteria
What is the function of lingual lipase that is secreted by the dispersed salivary glands of the tongue?
- hydrolysis of lipid triglycerides
- chelates iron to prevent microbial multiplication
What is the function of lactoferrin that is secreted in saliva?
- iron building protection
- antimicrobial properties
What is the function of mucin in the oral cavity?
- lubrication
What are the 2 main waste products that are collected in the oral cavity?
- urea
- uric acid
What does acinus mean?
- group of cells clustered together
- resemble a berry
What are myoepithelial cells?
- hybrid of smooth muscle and epithelial cells
- generally found in exocrine ducts and around acinar cells
- able to contract increasing secretion
What are the 2 stages of saliva production, which include exocrine secretion and funneling of secretions?
1 - acinar phase (secretion of exocrine secretions)
2 - duct phase (exocrine secretions move into oral cavity)
In the first phase of saliva production, called acinar phase, which electrolytes are high in concetration, and what follows these?
- Na+
- Cl-
- H2O always follows Na+
Following the first phase of saliva productin, called the acinar phase, the second phase begins as the salive begins to move down the ducts, called the duct phase. What happens to the saliva as it travels down the ducts?
- NaCl (Na+ and Cl-) is removed back into the blood
- HCO3- and K+ enter the lumen and into the saliva
Why does H2O not follow Na+ in the duct phase of saliva production?
- the ducts are relatively impermeable to water
What is the salivary flow rate?
- the change in saliva composition depending on stimulus
When does flow rate of saliva increase?
- preparing to eat
- when eating
When flow rate is high due to eating or preparing to eat, what are concentrations of:
- Na+ and Cl-
- K+ and HCO3-
- high Na+ and Cl-
- saliva resembles isotonic plasam, but remains hypotonic
- resembles what is produced by acinar cells in phase 1 of saliva production
When flow rate is low, what are concentrations of:
- Na+ and Cl-
- K+ and HCO3-
- low Na+ and Cl-
- high K+ and HCO3-
- saliva resembles what is produced during phase 2 of saliva production