Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism Flashcards
What is phosphofructokinase?
- catalyses for the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
- a key regulatory step in the glycolytic pathway
- the committed step in glycolysis
What is pyruvate kinase and why is it important?
- enzyme that converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
- pyruvate can then enter the citric acid cycle
Regulation of glycolysis is dependent on glucose entry into the cell. What are the other 2 key enzymes that are part of the glycolysis pathway within cells that regulate glycolysis?
1 - Phosphofructoskinase-1 - commited step in glycolysis
2 - Pyruvate kinase
What is glycogenolysis and glycogenesis?
- glycogenolysis = breakdown of glycogen (creates energy)
- glycogenesis = storing glucose (requires energy)
Hormonal (adrenalin/glucoagon) and allosteric bindng can do what to glycogenesis and glycogenolysis?
- regulate the level of each
In the glycolysis what are the 3 irreverisble steps?
1 - hexokinase/glucokinase
2 - phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
3 - pyruvate kinase
What is gluconeogenesis?
- the metabolic process by which organisms produce sugars (namely glucose) for catabolic reactions from non-carbohydrate precursors
What are the 3 main substrates that are used for de novo glucose synthesis, commonly referred to as gluconeogenesis?
- lactate from glycolysis
- amino acids from protein breakdown
- glycerol (but NOT fatty acids) from fat metabolism
Where are the 2 places where de novo glucose synthesis, commonly referred to as gluconeogenesis occurs in the body?
1 - liver
2 - kidneys
When is gluconeogenesis most important?
- during fasting or starvation state
- maintains blood glucose and preserve glucose-dependent cerebral function and red blood cell metabolism
Hexokinase, PFK-1 and pyruvate kinase are the 3 irreversible reactions of glycolysis. In terms of Gibbs Free Energy change (_/_G), are these reactions sponatenous or do they require energy?
- spontaneous
- have a high negative free energy (_/_G)\
- essentially means reversing is energetically unfavourable
There are 4 bypass reactions in gluconeogensis that are spontaneous, meaning they have a high negative free energy (_/_G) and can overcome the 3 irreversible reactions of glycolysis, namely hexokinase, PFK-1 and pyruvate kinase. What are the 4 bypass reactions of gluconeogenesis?
1 - Glucose 6-phosphatase
2 - Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase-1
3 - Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
4 - Pyruvate Carboxylase
Glucose 6-phosphatase is one of the bypass reactions of gluconeogenesis. What does this enzyme do?
- removes phosphate from Glucose 6-phosphate
- produces glucose that can be released into the blood
- final step of gluconeogenesis
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase is one of the bypass reactions of gluconeogenesis. What does this enzyme do?
- removes a phosphate from fructose1,6-bisphosphate (FBP)
- creates fructose 6 phosphate
- fructose1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) would normally form 2 3 carbon moleucles of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G-3-P)
Gluconeogenesis requires energy, where does this energy come from?
- fatty acids