GI Systems Examination - Principles Flashcards
When examining a patient for an abdominal examination, are patients lay flat or at 45 degrees?
- for the abdominal examination patient is flat
When examining a patient for an abdominal examination and you want to examine the hands and the face, would the patient be lying flat or at 45 degrees?
- 45 degrees
When examing a patient in an abominal examination, where would we need uncovering and access to on the front of the body?
- xiphisternum to pubic synthesis
During an abdominal examination we need to examine the hands. Palmar erythema is something that we may see. What is this and what is a common cause of this in the GIT?
- palms of hands become red
- sign of liver disease
During an abdominal examination we need to examine the hands. Dupuytren’s contractures is something that we may see. What is this and what is a common cause of this in the GIT?
- contracture of the hands cuasing a deformity
- can be caused by ecessive alcohol
During an abdominal examination we need to examine the hands. Asterixis is something that we may see. What is this and what is a common cause of this in the GIT?
- hand tremour or flap
- liver disease causing encephalopathy
During an abdominal examination we need to examine the hands. Clubbing is something that we may see. What is this and what is a common cause of this in the GIT?
- excess fluid in fingers
- IBD and liver disease
During an abdominal examination we need to examine the hands. Koilonychia is something that we may see. What is this and what is a common cause of this in the GIT?
- curved nails (also called spooned nails)
- iron deficiency
During an abdominal examination we need to examine the hands. Leukonychia is something that we may see. What is this and what is a common cause of this in the GIT?
- white discolouration appearing on nails
- malabsorption and cirrhosis
During an abdominal examination we need to examine the eyes. Pallor is something that we may see. What is this and what is a common cause of this in the GIT?
- pale colour on conjunctiva
- anaemia
During an abdominal examination we need to examine the eyes. Icterus (commonly known as jaundice) is something that we may see. What is this and what is a common cause of this in the GIT?
- yellowing of the eye
During an abdominal examination we need to examine the face. Flushing (commonly known as jaundice) is something that we may see. What is this and what is a common cause of this in the GIT?
- change in colour of face
- change from pale to pink to purple in extreme case
During an abdominal examination we need to examine the face. Angular stomatitis is something that we may see. What is this and what is a common cause of this in the GIT?
- swollen, red patches in the corners on the outside of the lips
- iron/vitamine B deficiency
During an abdominal examination we need to examine the face. Glossitis is something that we may see. What is this and what is a common cause of this in the GIT?
- inflammation of the tongue
- iron deficiency
During an abdominal examination we need to examine the face. Mouth ulcers are something that we may see. What is this and what is a common cause of this in the GIT?
- painful lessions in or outside the mouth
- IBD
Once we have done visual observations and inspected the eyes and face, what should we examine next?
- the chest
- looking for gynaecomastia and spider naevi (excessive oestrogen caused by chronic liver disease)
- tattoos and needle marks (viral hepatitis)
Following examination of the chest, where do we move to next, and what are some visual ques that may be helpful?
- abdomen examination
- scars
- stomas
- obvious masses
- distension (bowel obstruction or ascites)
- hernias
What is a stoma?
- opening in the abdomen
- generally connected to GIT or urinary tract
What are the 2 types of stoma?
1 - ileostomy (can be on either side of abdomen)
2 - colostomy (right side only)
When examining the abdomen for distension, what does the 5 Fs refer to?
1 - Fat
2 - Fluid
3 - Flatus
4 - Faeces
5 - Fetus
Following all of the inspections described up to this point, we move on to palpation. What is the first thing we will plapate?
- parotids salivary glands (excessive alcohol)
- lymphadenopathy – Cervical, Axillary, Virchow’s,
- Virchow’s node = near JVP sign of gastric cancer
- Inguinal nodes in groin
Following palpatation of the lymph nodes, where do we move to next as part of our palation?
- abdomen