How the body responds to injury Flashcards
Acute can be used clinically in 2 ways, what are they?
- acute in duration of a disease/illness
- acute in the response of the body to injury
What is the difference between signs and symptoms?
- signs are what we can see
- symptoms are what patients complains of
The main clinical signs of inflammation that can be used are:
- RUBOR
- TUMOR
- CALOR
- DOLOR
What does each of these mean?
- RUBOR = Redness
- TUMOR = Swelling
- CALOR = Heat/warm
- DOLOR = Pain and Functio laesa ( Loss of function)
There are 3 major components to acute inflammation, what are they?
1 - Vascular phase
2 - Nuetrophil phase
3 - Macrophage phase
There are 3 major components to acute inflammation, the first phase is the vascular phase, what is this?
- increased blood flow, dilatation of small blood vessels
- increased movement of fluid from blood to injured tissue causes swelling/oedema
There are 3 major components to acute inflammation, the second phase is the neutrophils phase, what is this?
- initial appearance of neutrophils
- first type of leukocyte at the site of injury
- increased blood flow to injured area increases neutrophil numbers
There are 3 major components to acute inflammation, the third phase is the macrophage phase, what is this?
- following neutrophils, macrophages second type of leukocyte on the scene
How can we recognised the leukocytes are the cells we are looking at?
- multi-lobular appearance as the nuclei
- contain lots of granules
What is the most abundance white blood cell, and in fact the nucleated cell in the blood with the largest numbers?
- RBCs dont contain nuceli so are not included
- neutrophils
Neutrophilsa are able to identify and destroy pathogens. What are the 3 stages of how neutrophils are able to destroy pathogens?
1 - degranulation
2 - phagocytosis
3 - NETosis
Neutrophilsa are able to identify and destroy pathogens. There are 3 stages of how neutrophils are able to destroy pathogens, what is degranulation?
- release of neutrophils from neutrophil
- granules are antimicrobial
Neutrophilsa are able to identify and destroy pathogens. There are 3 stages of how neutrophils are able to destroy pathogens, what is phagocytosis?
- engulfment and destruction of the pathogen
Neutrophilsa are able to identify and destroy pathogens. There are 3 stages of how neutrophils are able to destroy pathogens, what is NETosis?
- following phagocytosis the neutrophils undergoes apoptosis
- upon death it releases granules and the pathogen creating a net to catch other pathogens
- this recruits more help or tirggers macrophages to area
In the 3rd phase of acute inflammation neutrophils recruit macrophages to the site of injury. What is then the role of the macrophages?
- enguld debris and dead neutrophils
- recruit other cells M1 (need help) and M2 (area ok)
The image below shows the response to acute inflammation, using the 3 stages of acute inflammation, vascular response, neutrophils and macrophages, which number is associated with each stage?
1 - odema caused by dilation of blood vessels
2 - neutrophil infiltration
3 - macrophage infiltration
In acute infiltration, extravasation refers to the leakage of fluid from blood vessels into surrounding tissue, specifically the movement of WBCs. There are 3 stages to this, the first is margination, what is this?
- blood flows slows allowing WBCs to begin collecting along the epithelium wall
In the hstology image here showing extravasation, what leukocytes can be seen?
- neutrophils
- contain multi-nucleated centres
In the hstology image here showing extravasation, what stages can we see?
- first 3
- margination, rolling and adhesion
During extravasation WBCs begin to loosely adhere to the endothelium walls of blood vessels. What receptors facilitate loose adhesion?
- selectins
- E slectin = endothelium
- P slectin = platelets
- L slectin = leukocytes
- name determines where the selectins are present
During extravasation WBCs begin to loosely adhere to the endothelium walls of blood vessels facilitated by selectins. What receptors facilitate firm adhesion?
- integrins
During extravasation WBCs begin to loosely adhere to the endothelium walls of blood vessels facilitated by selectins, followed by integrin receptors that facilitate firm adhesion. What is the 3rd receptor that is responsible for firm adhesion and movement of WBCs between the endothelium cells?
- immunoglobulin family molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and PECAM-1
- mucin like glycoproteins
Following extravasation and the WBCs have crossed from the blood into the tissue, chemotaxis occurs, what is this?
- leukocytes migrate in tissues toward the site of injury
- attracted by concentration of chemo attractants
- neutrophils phagocytoes upon arrival
