Retroperitoneal Organs of the Posterior Abdominal Wall Flashcards
What does retro mean in reference to anatomy?
- behind
- space posterior to the parietal peritoneum, along the posterior abdominal wall (PAW)
What does the mnemonic SAD PUCKER relate to in terms of retroperitoneal organs?
- S = suprarenal (adrenal) gland
- A = aorta/IVC
- D = duodenum (second and third part)
- P = pancreas (except tail)
- U = ureters
- C = colon (ascending and descending)
- K = kidneys
- E = (o)oesophagus
- R = rectum
What is the main role of the urinary system?
- produce and excrete urine
What is included in the urinary system and what is the flow from the top to the bottom?
- kidneys = retroperitoneal
- ureter = retroperitoneal
- bladder = extraperitoneal (outside of peritoneam)
- urethra = extraperitoneal (outside of peritoneam)
What is the name of the plane where the kidneys hilium can be located?
- transpyloric plane (crosses epigastric region)
- has upper and bottom parts above and below hilium
The kidneys hilium can be located at the transpyloric plane (crosses epigastric region) and has superior and inferior parts above and below the hilium. What vertebrae can they be located at?
- thoracic 12 to lumbar 3
The kidneys hilium can be located at the transpyloric plane (crosses epigastric region) and has superior and inferior parts above and below the hilium. The kidneys are in range from T12 to L3 vertebrae. Where holds the kidneys in place on the posterior anterial wall?
- parasternal gutter
- upper poles are closer to medial line
- lower poles further away from midline
Why is the right kidney slighly lower than the left kidney?
- liver pushes it down
The kidneys have 4 main functions, what are they?
1 - Filtration
2 - Excretion of waste
3 - Regulating blood (ionic composition & pH, volume & pressure)
4 - Hormone production
There are 5 layers of the kidneys from inside to outer, what are they?
1 - kidney
2 - renal capsule – tough fibrous
3 - perirenal fat – extraperitoneal fat (seperates kidney and adrenal gland)
4 - renal fascia – perirenal fascia (encloses kidney and adrenal gland)
5 - pararenal fat –insulates
Label the organs 1-7?
1 - liver
2 - inferior vena cave
3 - right kidney
4 - abdominal aorta
5 - left kidney
6 - spleen
7 - stomach
When looking at an image of the kidney how are you able to identify if it is a left or right kidney?
- the pelvis and ureters are most posterior
- behind major blood vessels
What are the 2 regions of the kidney that makes up the renal parenchyma?
- 2
- outer cortex
- inner medulla
The functional units of the kidneys are caller nepherons, where are they located?
- outer cortex
The glomeruls is where blood is filtered in the kidneys, where are glomeruls located?
- within nepherons
The renal columns are located where within the kidneys?
- inside the inner medulla
- either sides of the pyramids
At the bottom of the pyramids, where they attach to the minor calyces is called what?
- renal papilla
At the bottom of the pyramids, where they attach to the minor calyces is called what renal papilla. They then form the major calyces, which go on to form the what?
- renal pelvis
At the bottom of the pyramids, where they attach to the minor calyces is called what renal papilla. They then form the major calyces, which go on to form the what renal pelvis. What does this then go onto form?
- the ureter
What is the renal sinus in the kidneys?
- extension of the renal pelvis
- contains renal calyces, blood vessels, nerves and fat
- fat supports as packaing marterial to hold pelvis in place
What is the organisation of what enters and leaves the renal hilium from anterior to posterior?
- renal vein
- renal artery
- renal pelvis then forms the uterus
What part of a nephron begins filtering the blood?
- glomerulus
Once the glomerulus has filter blood in the kidneys, what 2 major things happen?
- O2 and nutrients are extracted
- filtrate passes through tubulues out of renal papilla
What are the major blood vessels of the kidneys?
- right and left arteries and veins
How are the kidneys innervated parasympathetically?
- vagus nerve
How are the kidneys innervated sympathetically?
- T10 to L2
Where do the renal arteries originate from?
- abdominal aorta