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Year 1 NME > Contents of the Abdomen > Flashcards

Contents of the Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main components of the GIT above the diapgrahm?

A

1 - oral cavity

2 - pharynx

3 - oesophagus

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2
Q

What are the 3 main components of the GIT below the diapgrahm?

A

1 - stomach

2 - small intestines

3 - large intestines

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3
Q

What are the 4 main components of the oral cavity?

A

1 - teeth (mechanical digestion)

2 - palate (blocks nasal cavity and swallowing)

3 - tongue (mixing of food and swallowing)

4 - salivary glands (secretion of saliva and digestion)

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4
Q

What is the main function of the oesophagus?

A
  • direct food to lower GI
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5
Q

When dividing the abdoment into quatres, what anatomical land mark would you use?

A
  • umbilicus (belly button)
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6
Q

What lies within the upper right quadrant if we divide the abdomen into quatres from the umbilicus?

A
  • right lobe of the liver
  • gall bladder
  • duodenum (first part of SI)
  • head of Pancreas
  • hepatic flexure of colon
  • small part of ascending and transverse colon
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7
Q

What lies within the upper left quadrant if we divide the abdomen into quatres from the umbilicus?

A
  • stomach
  • spleen
  • left lobe of liver
  • body of pancreas
  • splenic flexure of colon
  • part of transverse and descending colon
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8
Q

What lies within the lower left quadrant if we divide the abdomen into quatres from the umbilicus?

A
  • small intestine
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid Colon
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9
Q

What lies within the lower right quadrant if we divide the abdomen into quatres from the umbilicus?

A
  • cecum
  • appendix
  • ascending colon
  • small intestine
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10
Q

What are the 3 cavities anteriorly?

A

1 - pelvic

2 - abdomen

3 - pelvic

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11
Q

What are the borders of the abdominal cavity?

A
  • costal margin-superior
  • hip bones-inferior
  • lumbar vertebrae-posterior
  • abdominal muscles-anterolateral
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12
Q

What are the 5 layers that make up the anterolateral wall of the abdomen?

A

1 - skin

2 - superficial fascia

3 - muscles

4 - deep fascia

5 - peritoneum (parietal and visceral)

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13
Q

What is aponeurosis?

A
  • connective tissue
  • provides point for muscle to attach to bone or cartilage
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14
Q

What are the 4 layers of the abdominal muscle wall?

A

1 - external obliques

2 - internal obliques

3 - transverse abdominas

4 - rectus abdominas

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15
Q

What is the function of the external oblique muscles abdominal muscle wall?

A
  • work with internal obliques
  • movement of the trunk
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16
Q

What direction do the external oblique muscles of the abdominal muscle wall run?

A
  • run down towards front pockets]
  • like putting hands in the pockets
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17
Q

If we move laterally to medial on the abdominal wall, what do the external obliques become instead of just muscle?

A
  • turn into tough, leathery aponeurotic fibres
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18
Q

Below the external oblqiue muscles, what is the next layer muscle we come across/

A
  • internal oblqiues
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19
Q

What direction do the internal oblique muscles of the abdomne run?

A
  • downwards and backwads
  • appears like putting your hand in your back pockets
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20
Q

What is the movement the internal obliques facilitate?

A
  • flexion and rotation of the trunk
  • compresses the viscera
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21
Q

What is the function of the transverse abdominas?

A
  • compresses and supports viscera
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22
Q

What direction do the transverse abdominas muscle run in?

A
  • laterally
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23
Q

What do the aponeurotic tissues of the internal obliques and transverse abdominas eventually cover?

A
  • rectus abdominas
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24
Q

What is the most outer layer of the abdominal muscle wall?

A
  • rectus abdominas
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25
What action does the rectus abdominas facilitate?
- flexus the trunk
26
Why do the abdominal muscles run in different ways?
- help provide tough layer - help with movement
27
What is the rectus sheath on the rectus abdominis?
- a aponeurotic tendon sheath - encloses rectus abdominis - it extends from abdominal muscles below rectus abdominis
28
Weakness of the abdominal wall can cause a very type of pain, what pain is this?
- lower back pain
29
What is a hernia?
- weakness of abdominal wall - internal organs can push through abdominal wall
30
What is rectus diastasis?
- weakening of the abdominal muscles
31
What is the main artery that supplies the foregut?
- coeliac artery
32
What is the main artery that supplies the midgut?
- superior mesentric artery
33
What is the main artery that supplies the hindgut?
- inferior mesenteric artery
34
What are the main organs contained within the foregut?
- liver - spleen - pancrease - oesophagus - stomach - duodenum of SI
35
What are the main organs contained within the midgut?
- Duodenum of SI - Pancreas - small intestine - ascending colon - caecum & appendix - transverse colon (Rt. 2/3rd
36
What are the main organs contained within the hindgut?
- transverse colon (Lft. 1/3rd) - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anal Canal
37
What are the 3 main layers of the GIT?
- serrous (outer layer) - muscular - mucosa
38
What letter of the alphabet does the stomach look like, and what are the 3 main sections of the stomach?
- letter J 1 - fundus 2 - body 3 - pyloric
39
What is the most dilated part of the GIT?
- stomach
40
What is the name of the part of the SI where the stomach attaches/
- duodenum
41
What are the 2 methods by which the stomach can faciltate digestion?
- mechanical contractions - chemical (pH and enzymes)
42
What are the cardiac and pyloric orifice?
- cardiac orifice = continuous of oesophagus and stomach - pyloric orifice = continuous of stomach and duodenum
43
What are the 3 regions of the SI from top to bottom?
1 - duodenum (connects to stomach) 2 - jejunum 3 - ileum (connects to colon)
44
What is the ileocaecal junction?
- where ileum and colon connect
45
What are the 2 main functions of the SI?
- digestion - absorption
46
What does retroperitonal mean?
- anatomical space behind peritoneal
47
What are the 4 regions of the duodenum?
1 - superior 2 - descending 3 - horizontal 4 - ascending
48
What is important about the descending region of the duodenum?
- opening for pancreatic duct - bile duct opening
49
What facilitates absorption in the SI?
- villi and microvillia - finger like projections to increase surface area
50
What is the peritoneum?
- a serous membrane - lines the abdominal cavity - composed of a layer of mesothelium - mesothelium secrete serrous fluid
51
Why does the SI not move around lots when we stand up and move around?
- attached to posterior peritoneum
52
What are the regions of the large intestines from top to bottom?
1 - cecum 2 -ascending 3 - transverse 4 - descending 5 - sigmoid and caecum
53
What is the main functions of the large intestines?
- absorption of water - forms and expels faeces
54
The junction where the ascending and transverse colon meet is called the hepatic flexure, why is this?
- anatomically relevent to the liver
55
The junction where the transverse and descending colon meet is called the splenic flexure, why is this?
- highest point of the colon
56
What stops us from passing stool uncontrollably out of our rectums?
- anal sphincters
57
What are 2 of the main causes of gastric and duodenum ulcers?
- bacteria and drugs are the main causes
58
What is a volvus in the SI?
- a blockage of the SI - SI twists around on itself
59
Where can gall bladder pain be referred to?
- shoulder pain - generally on the right
60
Where can pancreatic and appendix pain be referred to?
- umbilicus
61
The abdominal aorta provides blood to the abdomen. What are the 3 main artery branches to the gut?
1 – coeliac artery / trunk 2 – superior mesenteric artery 3 – inferior mesenteric artery
62
Which vertebrae does the coelic artery arise from?
- from the aorta at T12/L1 Level
63
What are the 3 main branches of the coelic artery?
1 - left gastric (to stomach) 2 - splenic (to spleen) 3 - hepatic (to liver)
64
is there a corresponding coeliac vein?
- no
65
What are the 4 main branches of the superior mesenteric artery?
1 - jejunal and ileal branches 2 - middle colic (supplies transverse colon) 3 - right colic (supplies the ascending colon) 4 - ileocaecal (ileum and caecum meet)
66
What are the 3 main branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?
- left colic (supplies descending colon) - sigmoid - superior rectal
67
What is the basic flow of the lymphatics from the peripheral to central lymphatic ducts?
- local lymph nodes - regional lymph nodes - central lymph nodes - lymphatic ducts - drainage into venous blood
68
How are local lymph nodes given their names?
- according to the part of GIT they are found
69
How are regional lymph nodes given their names?
- based on the artery that supplies them
70
How are central lymph nodes given their names?
- based on parent artery
71
What system provides nerve stimulus to the GIT
- autonomic system
72
Which nerve provides parasympathic stimulation to the GIT?
- vagal nerve
73
How is sympathic stimulation supplied to the GIT?
-sympathetic chain
74
Which vertebrae in the thoracic sympathetic trunk supply the foregut, midgut and lower gut?
- foregut = greater splanchinic (T5-9) - midgut = lesser splanchinic (T9-10/11) - hindgut = least/lowest (T11-12/L1)
75
Which veins and arteries supply the hindgut?
- inferior mesenteric artery - inferior mesenteric vein
76
Which veins and arteries supply the midgut?
- superior mesenteric artery - superior mesenteric vein
77
Which veins and arteries supply the foregut?
- celiac trunk artery - portal vein
78
What are the lymphatics that supply the foregut?
- celiac nodes
79
What are the lymphatics that supply the midgut?
- mesenteric lymph nodes
80
What are the lymphatics that supply the hindgut ?
- mesenteric lymph nodes
81
What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation for the foregut come up?
- sympathetic - celiac ganglia - parasympathetic - vaguse nerve
82
What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation for the midgut come up?
- sympathetic - mesenteric ganglia - parasympathetic - vaguse nerve
83
What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation for the hindgut come up?
- sympathetic - mesenteric ganglia - parasympathetic - pelvic splanchnic

Year 1 NME (61 decks)

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