sac 2 (attitude)

Question 1

cognition

Answer 1

the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience and senses.

Question 2

social cognition

Answer 2

how we interpret, analyse, remember and draw conclusions about personal characteristics of others.

Question 3

attribution (2 types)

Answer 3

personal/ dispositional attribution
explanation for the characteristics of the person involved (eg, personality, attitudes, mood)

situational attribution
explanation for the factors external to the person involved(eg. another person, the environment, the task)

Question 4

bias

Answer 4

inclination or prejudice for or against one person or group, especially in a way the is considered unfair

Question 5

fundamental attribution error

Answer 5

tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors and underestimate the input of situational factors.

Question 6

actor-observer bias

Answer 6

tendency to attribute our own behaviour to external/ situational causes, yet attribute other peoples behaviour to internal factors.

Question 7

self serving bias

Answer 7

when judging ourselves we tend to take the credit for success and attribute failures to situational factors

Question 8

cultural attributions

Answer 8

individualist culture
independence is valued and encouraged. personal goals are more important than group goals
collectivist culture
achieving a group goal is more important

Question 9

attitude

Answer 9

evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event or issue. an attitude is consistent and long lasting and can either be positive, negative of neutral

Question 10

tri-component model

Answer 10

A - affective component - emotions, feelings
B - behavioural component - your actions
C - cognitive component - what you think
all must be present for an attitude to exist

Question 11

inconsistency with tri component model

Answer 11

sometimes our behaviour is not consistent with how we think or feel about something

Question 12

cognitive dissonance

Answer 12

feeling of guilt or anxiety when there is inconsistency with our feelings thoughts and behaviour

Question 13

classical conditioning

Answer 13

a form of learning that occurs through repeated association or pairing of two things

Question 14

operant conditioning

Answer 14

learning that involves repeating behaviour in response to rewards(positive reinforcement) and decreasing behaviour in response to punishment (negative reinforcement)

Question 15

social learning

Answer 15

the way we develop or change our attitudes after observing other people, especially people we are close to

Question 16

repeated exposure

Answer 16

an attitude being formed simply from being constantly around an object, event or person

Question 17

stereotypes

Answer 17

a collection of beliefs that we have about the people who belong to a certain group, regardless of individual differences among the members.

when we evaluate people we tend to group people into a category based on pre existing knowledge. they help us make sense of social situations quickly

Question 18

disadvantages of stereotypes

Answer 18

ignores individual differences, can be based on inaccurate or inadequate information, judges people unfairly and can easily lead to prejudice

Question 19

prejudice

Answer 19

holding a negative attitude towards members of a group based solely on their membership of that group

Question 20

prejudice types

Answer 20

old fashioned prejudice (explicit)
openly thinks negatively of others
modern prejudice (implicit)
subtle expression of prejudice, more socially acceptable ways

Question 21

ingroup

Answer 21

group you are a part of, or majority

Question 22

outgroup

Answer 22

group you are not in, or minority

Question 23

discrimination

Answer 23

behaviour that is directed towards a social group and its members based on prejudice

Question 24

discrimination types

Answer 24

direct discrimination
a person treats negatively on purpose
indirect discrimination
when treating everyone the same disadvantages some people

Question 25

methods to reduce prejudice (4)

Answer 25

intergroup contact
cognitive interventions
education
direct experience

Question 26

intergroup contact

Answer 26

sustained contact
mutual interdependence
superordinate goals
equality of status

Question 27

the contact hypothesis

Answer 27

certain types of direct contact between members of different groups can reduce prejudice. getting to people in the other groups can break down stereotypes

Question 28

direct experience

Answer 28

directly experiencing another culture or lifestyle. can result in better knowledge and understanding and can reduce ignorance

Question 29

education

Answer 29

formation of prejudice can be impeded through education programs in schools where children are taught about tolerance and consequences of prejudice and discrimination

Question 30

cognitive interventions

Answer 30

changing the way we think in which someone thinks about prejudice, can be done by understanding individual characteristics

Question 31

personal space

Answer 31

level of personal space given by another when first meeting is considered when making a judgement about someone

Question 32

halo effect

Answer 32

bias in which the impression we form about a quality of a persons physical appearance influences our expectation about the persons other qualities.

Question 33

non-verbal impressions

Answer 33

eye contact, facial expression, body language

Question 34

effects of discrimination

Answer 34

low self esteem