RUMINANT GI

Question 1

What is the optimum pH of the rumen?

Answer 1

6.5-7

Question 2

Does the rumen require aerobic or anaerobic conditions?

Answer 2

anaerobic

Question 3

What is the cow dental formula?

Answer 3

0/3
0/1
3/3
3/3

Question 4

What is the CALF dental formula?

Answer 4

0/3
0/1
3/3

Question 5

Around how many liters of saliva do cows produce per day?

Answer 5

100-150

Question 6

What is 1? [the bump]
2?

Answer 6

1: torus
2: lingual fossa

Question 7

On which side of the neck does the oesophagus lie?

Answer 7

left

Question 8

What si the order that food passes through the 4 ruminant stomach compartments?

Answer 8

reticulum
rumen
omasum
abomasum

Question 9

The reticulum’s interior is covered in ___________ ___________

Answer 9

honeycomb pilcae

Question 10

In a newborn calf, which section of the stomach is the largest?

Answer 10

abomasum

Question 11

At what age does a calf’s rumen become larger than the abomasum?

Answer 11

2 months

Question 12

At what age does a calf’s rumen complete development?

Answer 12

6-12 months

Question 13

What structure in calves forms a “tunnel” to send milk directly to the abomasum?

Answer 13

reticular groove

Question 14

What is the pH of the abomasum?

Answer 14

~3.0

Question 15

What are 3 substances found in ruminant saliva?

Answer 15

bicarbonate
phosphate
urea

Question 16

Which micro-organism in the rumen breaks down cellulose into starch and sugar?

Answer 16

anaerobic bacteria

Question 17

Which micro-organism in the rumen ferments starch and sugar?

Answer 17

protozoa

Question 18

What are the 4 categories of micro-organisms in the rumen?

Answer 18

anaerobic bacteria
protozoa
anaerobic fungi
archaea

Question 19

What are the 3 structural layers inside of the rumen?[top to bottom]

Answer 19

free gas cap
fibrous mat
liquid layer

Question 20

What are the 2 gasses in the rumen gas cap?

Answer 20

CO2
methane

Question 21

What are the 2 end products of fermentation that need to be removed by the rumen?

Answer 21

VFAs
gases

Question 22

Which nerve innervates rumen contractions?

Answer 22

vagus

Question 23

Which part of the brain innervates rumen contractions?

Answer 23

gastric centre in the medulla oblangata

Question 24

What is the difference in primary and secondary bloat?

Answer 24

primary: free gas that cannot escape from rumen

secondary: frothy bloat

Question 25

What is the first thing an animal does with a food bolus after regurgitation?

Answer 25

squeeze and swallow liquid

Question 26

Easily fermentable carbs are converted to which 2 VFAs?

Answer 26

propionic acid
butyric acid

Question 27

Non-easily fermentable carbs are converted to which VFA?

Answer 27

acetate

Question 28

Which element is needed to synthesize vitamin B12?

Answer 28

cobalt

Question 29

Excess acidity in the rumen can lead to the breakdown of which vitamin

Answer 29

Vitamin B1

Question 30

Which enzyme breaks down vitamin B1 and is caused by acidity in the rumen?

Answer 30

thiaminase

Question 31

What are 2 possible treaments to rumen acidosis?

Answer 31

1: drench with bicarbonate
2: eat more fiber & less concentrate

Question 32

The liver synthesizes glucose from__________

Answer 32

propionate

Question 33

Which compartments are categorized as the “forestomach” in a ruminant?

Answer 33

Rumen, reticulum, omasum

Question 34

Which 4 structures lay on the left of the cow’s abdomen?

Answer 34

Rumen
Reticulum
Spleen
Greater omentum

Question 35

Where in the abdomen does the abomasum sit?

Answer 35

Right ventral