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ABS&C > BLOOD > Flashcards

BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

What three types of cells are present in the corpusculated portion of blood?

A

leukocytes (WBC)
erythrocytes (RBC)
platelets

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2
Q

What is the second component of blood (not corpusculated)? What is in it?

A

fluid component: contains plasm

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3
Q

Blood plasma is _________% water

A

92-95%

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4
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

blood cell production

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5
Q

what 3 components are necessary for haematopoiesis?

A

bone marrow stem cells
microenvironment
haematopoietic cytokines(regulatory hormone)

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6
Q

erythropoietin production is stimulated by tissue ____________

A

hypoxia

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7
Q

What are 3 funtions of erythrocytes?

A

transport O2 to tissues
transport CO2 to lungs
buffering of H+ ions (???)

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8
Q

What percent of body iron is within haemoglobin?

A

50-70%

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9
Q

What percent of body iron is in storage

A

25-40%

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10
Q

Body iron in sotrage is in which two compounds???

A

ferritin/haemosiderin

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11
Q

What are 3 significant diseases associated with oxidative damage?

A
  1. methaemoglobinaemia (discoloration of blood, incapable of transporting O2. R)
  2. heinz body formation (denaturation of globin part of haemoglobin, small projections of RBC surface. IR)
  3. erythrocyte membrane damage (oxidation of membrane structures. IR)
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12
Q

Haemaglobin breaks down into heme & globin. What 3 things does heme break down into?

A

unconjugated bilirubin (–> Cbillirub –> urobillirub&stercobillirub)
CO
iron

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13
Q

In a PCV capillary tube, what two types of cells are in the small buffy coat layer?

A

leukocytes
patelets

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14
Q

Haemoglobin is mammals is roughly what percent of total hematocrit?

A

33%

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15
Q

Average volume of erythrocytes is called _______ ____________ _________

A

mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

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16
Q

an erythrocyte that is smaller than usual is called_________
an erythrocyte that is bigger than usual is called_________

A

smaller: microcytic
bigger: macrocytis

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17
Q

What are 4 factors that could lead to microcytic erythrocytes?

A

iron deficiency
breed
age(young)
portosystemic shunt

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18
Q

What are 4 factors that could lead to mAcrocytic erythrocytes?

A

felv
regeneration
breed
agglutination

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19
Q

Erythrocytes with low MCHC(mean corpuscular haemoglobin [ ]) are known as ___________

A

hypochromic erythrocytes

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20
Q

Where does haematopoiesis of fetal mammals occur?

A

liver & spleen

21
Q

Where does haematopoiesis of neonate mammals occur?

A

marrow of long bones

22
Q

Where does haematopoiesis of adult mammals occur? (2 places)

A

marrow of flat bones
end of long bones

23
Q

Does haematopoiesis reduce or increase during aging?

A

reduce

24
Q

What are 3 types of granulocytes

A

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

25
Q

What are 2 typoes fo mononuclear cells

A

monocyte, lymphocyte

26
Q

Increased number of leukocytes is called __________

A

leukocytosis
can be catecholamine-mediated or corticosteroid induced or inflammation

27
Q

Decreased number of leukocytes is called __________

A

leukopenia

28
Q

What are 3 techniques of laboratory evaluation of leukocytes?

A

total WBC count (bloodwork)
differential count (bloodwork)
morphology (blood smear)

29
Q

Which leukocyte is the most prevalent & is the first line of defence?

A

neutrophils

30
Q

What are the two types of pools of neutrophils in blood vessel?

A

marginal pool (adhered to epithelium)
circulating pool (free flowing in blood)

31
Q

Most animals have a 1:1 ratio of the two pools of neutrophils. Which animal has a 3:1 M:F pool?

A

cat

32
Q

What is another term for an immature neutrophil?

A

band neutrophil

33
Q

What does “left shift” mean in relation to neutrophils?

A

release of more immature neutrophils, indicates infection

34
Q

What are some examples of toxic morphology changes that can take place to a neutrophil?

A

dohle bodies
foamy cytoplasm
increased cytoplasmic RNA

35
Q

What are some causes of lymphocytosis?

A

a. Catecholamine-mediated stress
b. chronic inflammation
c. youth
d. endocrine disorders

36
Q

What are some causes of lymphopaenia?

A

corticosteroid induced
acute inflammation
excess loss
other ex chemotherapy

37
Q

The process that stops bleeding to damaged blood vessels is called _________

A

haemostasis

38
Q

Blood clots that are attached to endothelium are called _________

A

thrombi
(basically excessive coagulation)

39
Q

What are the 3 phases of haemostasis?

A

primary
secondary/coagulation cascade
tertiary

40
Q

What are the 2 phases of primary haemostasis?

A

vascular phase
platelet phase

41
Q

Describe the platelet phase

A

platelet adhesion due to von willebrand factor
platelet activation: undergo shape change to become sticky, release coagulation factors
platelet recruitment stimulated by thromboxane

42
Q

Describe the secondary phase of haemostasis/ coagulation cascade

A

-formation of cross-linked fibrin to solidify platelet plug
-coagulation factors produced by liver
-extrinsic and intrinsic pathway

43
Q

Some coagulation factors (2,6,9,10) needed for secondary haemostasias that are produced by the liver are vitamin _____ dependant

A

K

44
Q
A
45
Q

The extrinsic pathway, using factor 7, is majorly initiated by what?

A

-initiated by tissue factor
-majorly used in vivo

46
Q

Describe the tertiary phase of haemostasis

A

dissolution of fibrin clots

[earlier, damaged endothelium began releasing plasmin, which started breaking apart clots. timing is this way to ensure clots break on time]

47
Q

Which of the following is an anti-coagulant factor produced by normal endothelium?
a)bradykinin
b) Nitric oxide
c) Plasmin
d) Thrombopoietin
e) Thromboxane

What is another one?

A

nitric oxide

also PGI2

48
Q

After injury to a blood vessel, what is the first step in primary haemostasis?
a) Platelet binding to vWF
b) Platelet granule release
c) Platelet shape change
d) Platelets produce thromboxane
e) Vasoconstriction

A

vasoconstriction

49
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

Immature RBC

ABS&C (16 decks)

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