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ABS&C > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

What is the formula to gauge horse age by deciduous incisor teeth?

A

Middle appears at 6 days
Second at 6 weeks
Third at 6 months

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2
Q

What is the difference in shape between deciduous/milk incisors and permanent incisors in horses?

A
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3
Q

What is the formula to gauge horse age by adult incisor teeth?

A

Middle: 2.5 years
Second: 3.5 years
Third: 4.5 years

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4
Q

What are canine teeth also known as in horses?

A

Tushes

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5
Q

Canine teeth are present in only what type of horses?

A

Male

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6
Q

The cardia sits at what rib on the horse?

A

Rib 11

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7
Q

The stomach sits between which ribs on the horse?

A

Rib 9-15

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8
Q

Where is the nephrosplenic/ Reno splenic ligament located?

A

Between spleen and left kidney

(Is a continuation of gastrosplenic ligament)

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9
Q

Digestion in the horse occurs in which 2 broad regions?

A

Foregut (stomach & SI)
& hindgut

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of carbohydrates?

A

structural (cellulose)
non-structural (starch)

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11
Q

Name 3 carbohydrares that can by hydrolyzed to sugars in the equine SI

A

fructose, glucose, starch

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12
Q

Name 1 carbohydrates that CANNOT be hydrolyzed to sugar in the equine SI and instead need bacterial fermentation

A

cellulose

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13
Q

Equine saliva is high in what two elements?

A

Ca & Cl

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14
Q

Does horse saliva contain digestive enzymes?

A

no

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15
Q

What is the scientific term for swallowing?

A

degluttination

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16
Q

What are the 3 phases of swallowing?

A

oral, pharyngeal, oesophageal

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17
Q

What is a peristaltic wave?

A

Muscular contraction that send food down esophageal tube

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18
Q

What does quidding mean? [equine]

A

dropping food while chewing

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19
Q

What structure can be loosely classified as the “fill line” in horse stomachs?

A

margo plicatus

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20
Q

What are 2 intrinsic inciting substances to horse stomach lining?

A

HCL & pepsin

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21
Q

What is the most significant protective factor of stomach glandular mucosa?

A

bicarbonate-rich mucus layer

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22
Q

What are 2 ways that a horse’s constant eating can protect the stomach mucosa?

A

1- bicarbonate-rich mucus layer is produced by constant eating, and protects glandular mucosa

2- fibrous mat can be formed, protecting acid splashes from reaching non-glandular region

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23
Q

What sphincter of the horse closes after gastric distention?

A

lower oesophageal/cardiac sphincter

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24
Q

The horse has a lower capability to digest starch due to low levels of __________________

A

pancreatic amylase

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25
Q

Absorption of glucose takes place in what organ?

A

SI

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26
Q

Glucose and fructose enter an enterocyte through which 2 transporters?

A

SGLT1 & GLUT 5

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27
Q

Glucose and fructose exit an enterocyte through which transporter?

A

GLUT 2

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28
Q

What substance aids in the digestion of triacylglycerols?

A

gastric lipase

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29
Q

What do triacylglycerols turn into after partial digestion by gastric lipase?

A

diacylglycerols & free fatty acids

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30
Q

What is 1? 2? 3?

A

1: proteases
2: lipase
3: amylase

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31
Q

Equine GIT is able to gradually adapt to a high ______ diet by increasing __________ expression

A

CHO
SGLT1

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32
Q

Does the equine LI have mucosal enzymes?

A

no

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33
Q

What are the 3 VFAs produced in the equine LI?

Which is the most predominate?

A

Acetate (predominate)
butyrate
propionate

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34
Q

What 3 gasses are found in the equine LI?

A

CO2, hydrogen, methane

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35
Q

Can the large intestine digest starch and sugar?

A

yes- but only VERY little

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36
Q

VFA production stimulates the movement of _________ into the lumen

A

water

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37
Q

___________ buffering prevents mucosal damage in the lumen

A

bicarbonate

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38
Q

Which VFA is an energy source for epithelial cells?

A

butyrate

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39
Q

Which VFA is an energy source for peripheral tissues?

A

acetate

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40
Q

Which VFA is used in the liver as a precursor to gluconeogenesis?

A

propionate

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41
Q

Which VFA supressed mucosal inflammation?

A

butyrate

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42
Q

In what organ does “hindgut fermentation” take place in a horse?

A

LI

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43
Q

What are the 6 layers of the GI wall?

A

serosa
longitudinal smooth muscle
circular smooth muscle
submucosa
mucosa
villi
lumen(inside)

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44
Q

The stomach has how many layers of smooth muscle? What are they?

A

longitudinal layer
circular layer
oblique layer

45
Q

What is the name of the GI system’s own “nervous system”?

A

enteric nervous system

46
Q

What are the two plexuses controlled by the enteric nervous system?

A

submucosal plexus, myenteric plexus

47
Q

An enteric nervous system neuron has __________ spread along its axon branches

A

varicosites

48
Q

Specialized gut pacemaker cells are called:

A

interstitial cells of Cajal
(ICC cells)

49
Q

Which neurotransmitter increases a GI membrane potential? Which lowers it?

A

Increase: Ach
Lower: norepinephrine

50
Q

What part of the brain affects appetite control?

A

hypothalamus

51
Q

An increase in adipose tissue can lower appetite bc of __________(hormone)

A

leptin

52
Q

An empty stomach releases __________ which increases apetite

A

ghrelin

53
Q

The act of getting food into the mouth is known as ________

A

prehension

54
Q

The act of physically breaking down food by teeth is known as ___________

A

mastication

55
Q

Salivation is controlled by what part in the brain?

A

medulla oblangata

56
Q

What is transit time?

A

Time taken for food to move through GI tract

57
Q

Most inactive enzymes have the suffix ____

A

-ogen

58
Q

Most active enzymes have the suffix ______

A

-ase

59
Q

Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by _______

A

HCl

60
Q

Pepsinogen is released by which cells in the stomach?

A

peptic/chief cells

61
Q

The small amount of digestion in the stomach takes place by which enzyme?

A

pepsinogen

62
Q

G-cells, located in the pyloris of the stomach, produce which hormone?

A

gastrin

63
Q

Many pancreatic enzymes are produced in what structure?

A

zymogen granules

64
Q

The enterocytes produce what substance that activates some pancreatic enzymes?

A

enterokinase

65
Q

Name 2 pancreatc enzymes thaareis not produced in zymogen granules

A

amylase
lipase

66
Q

Pancreatic duct cells secrete __________

A

bicarbonate

67
Q

What are 3 major liver secretions?

A

bile acids
bicarbonate
bile pigments

68
Q

bile pigments are a breakdown product of ________

A

bilurubin

69
Q

which bile pigment causes yellow color in liver diseasE?

A

bilirubin

70
Q

Can bile acid be recycled during a fatty meal?

A

yes, up to 4 times

71
Q

Is there a Na/K ATPase pump in the gut?

A

yes

72
Q

Which 4 vitamins are fat soluble?

A

A, D, E, K

73
Q

Calcium required vitamin ___ for absorption

A

D

74
Q

Which artery supplies the right lobe of the pancreas?

A

cranial pancreatduodenal

75
Q

Which 2 arteries supplies the left lobe of the pancreas?

A

splenic
caudal pancreatoduodenal

76
Q

What vein drains the pancreas?

A

pancreatic vein —>portal vein

77
Q

Pancreatic secretions drain via the ________

A

pancreatic duct

(which joins the bile duct)

78
Q

The ENDOcrine pancreas releases ___________ into the __________

The EXOcrine pancreas releases _____________ into the ___________

A

endo: hormones into the bloodstream

exo: enxymes into the duodenum

79
Q

What do acinar cells do?

A

Release digestive enzymes

80
Q

What stimulates acinar cells?

A

CCK release

81
Q

What stimulates CCK?

A

presence of food (esp fat) in duodenum

82
Q

acinar cells release digestive enzymes. what cells release bicarbonate?

A

duct cells

83
Q

What stimulates duct cells?

A

secretin

84
Q

What stimulates secretin release?

A

presence of acid in duodenum

85
Q

What is cobalamin?

A

vitamin B12

86
Q

Pancreas issues can lead to malabsorption of which vitmain?

A

B12

87
Q

vomiting is an active process, ___________ is a passive practice

A

regurgitation

88
Q

Where in the brain is the vomiting center located?

A

medulla oblangata

89
Q

What is the largest internal organ in the body?

A

Liver

90
Q

What is the ligament that crosses the surface of the liver?

A

Falciform ligament

91
Q

What two species do not have a gallbladder?

A

Horse & rat

92
Q

Which duct drains the gallbladder?

A

Cystic duct

93
Q

Which cells produce bile?

A

Hepatocytes

94
Q

Which 2 blood vessels supply the liver?

A

Hepatic artery & portal vein

95
Q

How could high levels of bile acids in bloodstream indicate liver failure?

A

Enterohepatic recirculation failure: Hepatocytes are unable to reabsorb the bile acids for reuse

96
Q

What are the three types of jaundice?

A

Pre hepatic: excessive breakdown/bilirubin in blood

Hepatic: issue in liver

Post hepatic: issue w blood flow out of liver

97
Q

Which blood vessel provides fully oxygenated blood to the liver?

A

Hepatic artery

98
Q

Blood vessels within the liverlobule, but not in the center, are called ________

A

Sinusoids

99
Q

Sinusoids are lined with _______

A

Hepatocytes

100
Q

Blood flow in the liver:

Portal vein –>________–> central vein

A

Sinusoids

101
Q

Ammonia is converted to what substance that is excreted by the kidney?

A

urea

102
Q

An increase in _______ tissue can lower appetite because of leptin

A

adipose

103
Q

What type of colon contraction assists in the formation of fecal balls?

A

Segmented

104
Q

The large intestine can digest VERY little of which two substanes?

A

starch & sugar

105
Q

The glandular fundus region consists of which 4 types of cells in a horse?

A

parietal cells
zymogen cells
enterochromaffin-like cells
goblet cells

106
Q

Which two types of cells are located in the pyloris of the stomach?

A

mucus cells
G-cells

107
Q

The pyloric mucosa consists of what 2 types of cells in a horse?

A

G-cells
D-cells

108
Q

What two species do not have a papillary process in their liver?

A

Pigs & horses

im not sure atm what a papillary process is: look up the livers form that one practical!

ABS&C (16 decks)

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