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ABS&C > RESPIRATORY > Flashcards

RESPIRATORY Flashcards

1
Q

The pressure needed to generate a flow of gas through the airway is known as __________

A

respiratory resistance

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2
Q

Between dogs and horses, which species has more elaborate nasal conchae?

A

dogs

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3
Q

The major air passageway in the nose is known as the nasal ________

A

meatus

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4
Q

Which respiratory structure is the main source of airway resistance?

A

larynx

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5
Q

Which respiratory structure/region is responsible for vocalisation?

A

larynx

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6
Q

What is 1? 2?

A

1: glottis
2: vocal cords

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7
Q

Is the incomplete part of tracheal cartilaginous rings dorsal or ventral?

A

dorsal

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8
Q

What is the name of the muscle structure located in the incomplete part of tracheal cartilagenous rings?

A

dorsal membrane

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9
Q

The condition caused by abnormal narrowing of the trachea is called__________

A

hypoplastic trachea

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10
Q

What type of epithelial cells are located in the upper airway? (cuboidal vs columnar vs squamous)

A

pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

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11
Q

What type of epithelial cells are located in the bronchioles? (cuboidal vs columnar vs squamous)

A

cuboidal

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12
Q

What type of cells produce mucus?

A

goblet cells

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13
Q

How many tracheal cartilaginous rings are located in the dog?

A

42-46

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14
Q

What is the first/most rostral structure distinguishing the lower airway?

A

carina

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15
Q

The lower airway contains what two types of bronchi?

A

mainstem bronchi
lobar bronchi

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16
Q

Are cough receptors located in the upper or lower airway?

A

lower airway: in bronchi
(none in respiratory bronchioles or alveoli)

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17
Q

Do most inhaled foreign objects end up in the right lung lobes or left lung lobes?

A

right

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18
Q

What type of cell is the major source of surfactant?

A

type II alveolar pneumocyte

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19
Q

Ventilation through broncho-alveolar pores that bypasses normal ventilation is known as __________

A

collateral ventilation

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20
Q

All species have ______ right lung lobes and ______ left lung lobes

(#)

A

4 right lung
2 left lung

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21
Q

Which respiratory structure is the site of gas exchange?

A

alveolus

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22
Q

Do smaller or larger alveoli have a greater tendency to collapse?

A

smaller

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23
Q

At a constant surface tension, do smaller or larger alveoli generate bigger pressures within them?

A

smaller

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24
Q

Pneumonia reduces ________ production, making opening of alveoli difficult

A

surfactant

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25
Q

Which major blood vessel provides most of the lung’s blood supply?

A

pulmonary artery

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26
Q

What are the two layers of lung pleura?

A

visceral & parietal pleura

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27
Q

Tension of which layer of pleura keeps the lungs expanded?

A

visceral

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28
Q

Accumulation of fluid between the visceral and parietal pleura is known as ________

A

pleural effusion

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29
Q

Name 5 main respiratory muscles / muscle groups

A

diaphragm
internal intercostal muscles
external intercostal muscles
abdominal muscles
accessory muscles

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30
Q

What are the 2 components of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

interosseous component
interchondral component

31
Q

What are 4 inspiratory muscles/muscle groups?

A

diaphragm
external intercostal muscle
interchondral component of the internal intercostal muscle
accessroy muscles

32
Q

What are 4 expiratory muscles/muscle groups?

A

diaphragm
interosseous component of the internal intercostal muscle
abdominal muscles
accessroy muscles

33
Q

What is regular atmospheric pressure in mmHg?

A

760 mmHg

34
Q

What is regular pleural pressure in mmHg?

A

-4 mmHg

35
Q

What is regular alveolar pressure in mmHg?

A

0 mmHg

36
Q

Between inhalation and expiration, which is a passive process? Active?

A

inhalation= active
expiration= passive

37
Q

The amount of gas inspired or expired per normal breath is known as _________

A

tidal volume (Vt)

38
Q

The additional volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled following a normal inspiration is known as _________

A

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

39
Q

The additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled following a normal expiration is known as _________

A

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

40
Q

The volume of air remaining after a maximum expiration is known as _______

A

residual volume (RV)

41
Q

The volume of air remaining after a normal expiration is known as _______

A

functional residual capacity (FRC)

42
Q

The total volume that can be inspired after a normal expiration is known as _______

A

inspiratory capacity (IC)

43
Q

The maximum volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a maximal inspiration is known as ________

A

vital capacity (VC)

44
Q

The amount of air in the lung after a maximal inspiration is known as ___________

A

total lung capacity

45
Q

What is 1? 2? 3?

A
46
Q

The portion of Vt nor contributing to gas exchange in the lung is known as _________

A

dead space

47
Q

What is the difference between anatomical and alveolar dead space?

A

anatomical: volume of gas in the airways
aleolar: volume of gas in ventilated but un-perfused alveoli

48
Q

anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space = __________ dead space

A

physiological

49
Q

The amount of gas inspired or expired per minute is known as _________

A

minute volume (Ve)

50
Q

The volume of fresh air that reaches the alveoli each minute is known as ________

A

alveolar ventilation (Va)

51
Q

A trivial change in lumen diameter can cause a significant increase in airway resistance. This is relevant to which law?

A

Hagen-Poiseuille’s law of gas flow

52
Q

A pinched outer airway/rhinarium (particularly in some breeds of dogs) are known as _________

A

stenotic nares

53
Q

The measure of lung and chest wall distensibility is known as _________

A

Compliance (Ct)

54
Q

Lung recoil back to resting size is also known as

A

lung elastance (E)

55
Q

Haemoglobin consists of _______ polypeptide chains that each bind ______(#) of O2 molecules

A

4 polypeptide chains
1 O2 molecule each

56
Q

Does haemoglobin have the ability to change its O2 binding affinity?

A

Yes

57
Q

What are the 2 ways by which oxygen is carried in the blood?

A

1: dissolved in plasma
2: carried by haemoglobin

58
Q

What is the predominant form by which oxygen is carried in the blood?

A

Reverse bound to haemoglobin

59
Q

What are the three ways by which CO2 is transported in the blood?

A

As carbonic acid (60-90%)

Dissolved (5-10%)

Bound to protiens like haemoglobin (5-30%)

60
Q

Carbonic acid is produced by the combination of _______ and _________

A

Water & CO2

61
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the production of carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

62
Q

Would hypoventilation lead to hypercapnia or hypocapnia?

A

Hypercapnia

63
Q

Where/ how is blood CO2 produced?

A

Aerobic respiration in mitochondria

64
Q

Perfusion without adequate ventilation is known as _______

A

Shunt

65
Q

Ventilation without adequate perfusion is known as _______

A

Dead space

66
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

A

Medulla

67
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

Aortic & carotid bodies

68
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates chemoreceptors in the carotid body?

A

Glossopharyngeal

69
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates chemoreceptors in the aortic body?

A

Vagus

70
Q

How would anesthesia/opiates affect this graph?

A

Flatten & shift right

71
Q

What happens to minute ventilation during severe PaCO2 (mmHg) elevation?

A

Slight depression

72
Q

Describe the relationship between PaO2 and minute ventilation

A

Little effect on minute ventilation until critical point

73
Q

What are 3 effects of anesthesia on ventilation?

A

Lower tone of upper airways

Decreased functional residual capacity

Increased V/Q mismatch

74
Q

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve

ABS&C (16 decks)

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