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ABS&C > METABOLISM > Flashcards

METABOLISM Flashcards

1
Q

Absorbed nutrients enter cells and are ultimately oxidized to ————&————

A

CO2 & H2O

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2
Q

Using energy to build complex structure (like DNA) is known as _________

A

Anabolism

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3
Q

Molecules being broken down to yeild energy is known as ———

A

Catabolism

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4
Q

An acid can _______ H+ into/from a solution

A base can _______ H+ into/from a solution

A

Acid: release
Base: accept

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5
Q

Condensation is the _______ of macromolecules

Hydrolysis is the _______ of macromolecules

A

Condensation: formation
Hydrolysis: breakdown

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6
Q

What is the ratio of C:H:O in a carbohydrate?

A

1:2:1

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7
Q

Lipid structure contains a fatty chain and a _______

A

Carboxyl group

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8
Q

What is a carboxyl group?

A

HO-C=O

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9
Q

What is a carbonyl group?

A

C=O

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10
Q

What is a hydroxyl group?

A

R-OH

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11
Q

What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?

A

Nucleotide

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12
Q

Which 4 vitamins are fat soluble?

A

A, D, E, K

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13
Q

What are the 3 important properties of enzymes?

A

1: specific to a particular reaction

2: not consumed by the reactions they catalyze

3: require optimum conditions for activity (temp, ph, etc)

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14
Q

Enzymes function by lowering the _______ _______ of a reaction

A

Activation energy

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15
Q

Once the _______ step of a pathway takes place, the reaction will proceed to form its product.

A

Committed step

(Required a committing enzyme)

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16
Q

Gluconeogenesis converts _______ to _______

A

Pyruvate to glucose

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17
Q

Glycolysis converts _______ to _______

A

Glucose to pyruvate

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18
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic?

A

no

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19
Q

What is the committing enzyme in gluconeogenesis?

A

PEPCK

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20
Q

What is the committing enzyme in glycolysis?

A

PFK

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21
Q

What are the three key sets of reactions that release energy from nutrients in order?

A

Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

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22
Q

What are the two parts of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ETC
chemiosmosis

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23
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

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24
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

inner mitochondrial matrix

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25
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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26
Q

What are the two coenzymes required in glycolysis?

A

ADP
NAD

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27
Q

Which produces more ATP, aerobic or anaerobic glycolysis?

A

Aerobic

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28
Q

The ETC transfers electrons from glycolysis and the CAC to _______, generating _______

A

Molecular oxygen
Water

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29
Q

Most lipid in the body exists within adipose tissue in the form of ________

A

triglycerides

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30
Q

A triglyceride is made of one glycerol molecule and 3 _______________

A

fatty acid chains

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31
Q

What is reciprocal control?

A

When a condition that promotes one type of reaction also inhibits the opposite

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32
Q

___________is an enzyme that adds a phosphate group

A

kinase

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33
Q

___________is an enzyme that removes a phosphate group

A

phosphatase

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34
Q

a ________ enzyme adds CO2 to a substrate

A

carboxylase

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35
Q

a ___________ enzyme removed hydrogen atom/cases oxidation

A

dehydrogenase

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36
Q

How many carbons are in glucose? pyruvate?

A

glucose : 6
pyruvate: 3

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37
Q

Does the renal cortex or renal medulla produce glucose?

A

cortex

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38
Q

What are 4 major metabolic fuels?

A

glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, ketone bodies

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39
Q

Beta oxidation is the stepwise removal of ____________ from fatty acid chains

A

acetyl-coA

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40
Q

Can fatty acids be converted into glucose?

A

NO

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41
Q

Name 3 ketone bodies

A

acetone
acetoacetate
BHB (beta hydroxybutyrate)

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42
Q

increased ketone bodies can be associated with disorders of fuel ____________

A

homeostasis

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43
Q

elevated [ketone bodies]plasma can lead to _________

A

acidosis

44
Q

{{turnover of energy (J) in the body / time}} is known as __________

A

matabolic rate

45
Q

Is metabolic rate relatively greater for smaller or larger animals?

A

smaller

46
Q

Is the absorptive phase primarily anabolic or catabolic?

A

anabolic

47
Q

Is the postabsorptive phase primarily anabolic or catabolic?

A

catabolic

48
Q

Nutrient surplus to requirements for ATP & protein synthesis are stored as _______ and ________

A

glycogen & triglyceride

49
Q

The liver removes glucose and amino acids from ___________

A

plasma

50
Q

The liver removes _______ and ___________ from plasma

A

glucose
amino acids

51
Q

Insert in plasma [ ] of ___________ & __________ would stimulate release of insulin

A

glucose & amino acids

52
Q

The liver synthesizes which 3 substances?

A

glycogen
protein
triglyceride

53
Q

In what form is dietary lipid transported out of the liver?

A

chylomicrons

54
Q

Non ruminants absorb digestible carbohydrates as glucose while ruminants ferment CHO to _______________________

A

volatile fatty acids & gas

55
Q

During the absorptive phase, the liver takes up ____________ and uses it to synthesize ___________ and ____________

A

takes up: glucose
uses it to synthesize: glycogen & triglyceride

56
Q

Skeletal muscle & adipose tissue take up _________ during the absorptive phase

A

glucose

57
Q

VLDL from the liver are degraded by _______________ at the destination tissue, releasing free fatty acids

A

lipoprotein lipase

58
Q

Degredation/FA release at adipose tissue is promoted by _________(hormone)

A

insulin

59
Q

Most amino acids in portal blood are taken up by __________

A

liver

60
Q

Degradation of amino acids releases NH4+, which is converted by the liver to ________

A

urea

61
Q

What is the mammalian storage carbohydrate?

A

glycogen

62
Q

The major “glucose sinks” during the absorptive phase are ___________ & _________

A

skeletal muscle &
adipose tissue

63
Q

Which nutrient molecule enters the systemic circulation after absorption without first passing through the liver?

A

fatty acids

(they are converted to chylomicrons in enterocyte)

64
Q

What 3 systems prevent a significant fall in plasma [glucose]?

A

liver glycogen mobilisation
gluconeogenesis
glucose sparing

65
Q

Ketone bodies are produced from fatty acids via ______

A

acetyl coa

66
Q

Which body organ is the most significant in maintaining stable blood glucose?

A

liver

67
Q

detection of falling plasma [glucose] promotes _________ release
(neorotransmitter)

A

glucagon

68
Q

Only tissues that express _________ enzyme can release free glucose into plasma

A

glucose-6-phosphatase

69
Q

What are the 4 major gluconeogenic precursors?

A

lactate
amino acids
glycerol
propionate

70
Q

Can acetyl coa turn into pyruvate?

A

NO

71
Q

The process of the liver converting lactate from muscle to glucose is known as ___________

A

the cori cycle

72
Q

Excess FA will be re-esterified to _________ in the liver and repackaged into _________

A

triglycerides
lipoprotiens

73
Q

Hepatic lipidosis is caused by over-accumulation of _________ in the liver

A

triglycerides

74
Q

Ketone body production is associated with periods of ________ energy requirement & ________ energy supply

A

high requirement
low supply

75
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglyceride?

A

glucose-6-phosphatase

76
Q

Name 3 tissues that are reliant of glucose for normal function

A

nervous tissue
erythrocytes
renal medulla

77
Q

What enzyme phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6-phosphatase?

A

hexokinase

78
Q

What part of the kidney needs glucose as a fuel?

A

Renal medulla

79
Q

What tissue lacks glucose-6-phosphaste, and therefore cannot contribute glucose to plasma?

A

skeletal muscle

80
Q

Which glycolytic precursor enters the cycle in the mitochondrion?

A

propionate

81
Q

What type of digesters have no defined absorptive vs postabsorptive phases?

A

ruminants

82
Q

GLUT 4 is _________ dependant

A

insulin

83
Q

What is the blue box?

A
84
Q

1? 2? 3? 4?

A
85
Q

Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose into _______ &_________ through the _________

A

skeletal muscle & adipose
GLUT 4 transporter protein

86
Q

Insulin promotes __________ synthesis and prevents its degredation

A

protien

87
Q

Insulin promotes __________ processes
(anabolic vs catabolic)

A

anabolic

88
Q

Glucocorticoids have __________ effects on metabolism
(anabolic/catabolic)

A

catabolic

89
Q

Cortisol will stimulate gluconeogenesis. True or false?

A

true

90
Q

Glucose is too large to diffuse through cells, so it enters by __________ __________

A

facilitated diffusion

91
Q

Does insulin inhibit or promote gluconeogenesis?

A

inhibits

92
Q

Insulin is released by __________ cells

A

beta

93
Q

Glucagon is released by __________ cells

A

alpha

94
Q

Which is the most abundant VFA produced by ruminant carbohydrate fermentation?

A

acetate

95
Q

Are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system largely anabolic or catabolic?

A

catabolic

96
Q

__________ is an important source for rapid, powerful muscle contraction

A

creatine phosphate

97
Q

What does homeothermic mean? What is the opposite?

A

Homeothermic: body temp. maintained within narrow limits
poikilothermic: body temperature varies with surroundings

98
Q

Do small animals have relatively greater or lower heat loss? Heat production?

A

greater/greater

99
Q

Does hyperthyroidism increase or decrease metabolic rate?

A

increase

100
Q

What is a thermoneutral zone?

A

temperature range within which core temperature can be maintained without expending extra energy

101
Q

What are 4 forms of heat exchange with the surrounding?

A

radiation
conduction
convection
evaporation

102
Q

If ambient temperature is getting close to body temperature, what is the only means of heat exchange?

A

evaporation

103
Q

Convection is the transfer of heat through movement of _________

A

fluids

104
Q

What is piloerection?

A

Altering thickness of insulating air layer (fur/feathers)(ex fluffy pigeons)

105
Q

Sympathetic nervous system activity can increase through uncoupling of __________ & ___________

A

ETC & oxidative phosphorylation

106
Q

Metabolic rate/heat can be increased through increasing ____________hormone

A

thyroid hormone

107
Q

Fever occurs when the set point of the ______________ _____________ centre is increased

A

hypothalamic thermoregulatory

ABS&C (16 decks)

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