Rules/Culture Flashcards
Where should you put ber-?
You can put ber before bahasa to indicate you speak a language e.g berbahasa Inggeris
When should you include sedang?
To imply the verb is currently occuring.
What’s the order between nouns and adjectives?
Nouns come before adjectives
How can verbs be made into nouns?
By adding prefixes, most of the time ‘pen-‘
e.g tonton (watch) - penonton (audience)
How can you specify a verb’s function in a sentence or make it fit more smoothly?
Add the prefix ‘men-‘ before the verb
e.g tonton (watch) - menonton (watch)
What is the basic structure of Malay?
- Subject 2. Verb 3.Noun
What changes according to the first letter of the root verb?
The ‘n’ in the prefixes ‘men-‘ and ‘pen-‘
How do the ‘n’s’ in the -men-‘ and ‘pen-‘ prefixes change with different beginning letters of the root verbs?
c, d, j, t - ‘pen-‘/’men-‘
b, p, f - ‘pem-‘/’mem-‘
a, g, h, i, k, u - ‘meng-‘/’peng-‘
Where does ada come in sentence structure?
Same as verb
What is ‘ada’?
The word that represents existence of the noun.
Where does mempunyai come in sentence structure?
Same as verb
What is ‘mempunyai’?
The word that represents possession/to have.
How do ‘e’s’ sound?
Like uhh
How to ‘a’s’ sound at the end of words?
Like uhh
How do ‘a’s’ sound?
Like ahh
How do you pronounce t’s?
Form the T with your mouth but don’t make the T sound.
Easy to visualise if you move your jaw downwards as you make the T sound
How do ‘I’s’ sound?
Like ee
How do ‘O’s’ sound?
Normal O but don’t bring your lips closer together - sounds like oar
How do ‘U’s’ sound?
Like oooh - like something intriguing has just happened.
How flexible are the question words in sentences e.g why?
You can put question words at the start or end of a sentence and nothing will change.
What is Malay’s basic word order?
- Subject - 2. Verb - 3. Object e.g Saya cakat berbahasa Inggeris.
What’s wrong with Aku?
Even to malaysians it can sound rough so only use it when your with very familiar people. Malaysians often use I and you instead.
When speaking to someone older then you should you try older brother/ older sister or auntie/uncle first?
older brother/older sister first
How should you address people not much older than you?
older brother/older sister
When should you call someone grandfather/grandmother?
Only when they refer to themselves that way first.
What does putting ‘ke’ at the end of a sentence do?
Turns the sentence into a question.
What do you do with tak?
Put it at the end of a question where you ask permission to make it a ‘can I _ or not’ and in yes/no questions ‘do you have this or not’.
What are you refering to with pasar raya?
Supermarkets like tesco and asda
What are you refering to with kedai runcit?
Grocery stores like small coops/spars and street/corner shops
What are you refering to with pasar tani?
Markets and grocer’s areas.
What are you refering to with pasar malam?
24 hour/nightime grocery stores e.g 24 hour tesco express and small coop shops.
When are tua an muda most commonly used?
When describing dark and light blue and green. They can be used for other colours but not commonly.
What words are best to use when describing shades of colours which aren’t blue and green?
pekat (concentrated (darker))
cair (diluted (lighter))
What do you do to describe a colour with -ish?
put ‘ke’ before and ‘an’ after the colour e.g kemerahan (reddish)
What do you do to describe a shade of colour that is (colour)-ish (colour) e.g greenish yellow?
As the solid colour described is the noun that goes first e.g yellow (kuning).
Then you say the -ish colour with ‘ke’ before it and ‘an’ after it e.g kehijauan.
What are ni and tak short for?
‘ini’ and ‘tidak’
How do you structure a question for Have/has/did/do/does - you/I/they/she/he __ or not questions?
Begin with ada, finish with tak.
E.g Do you have fried rice - Ada nasi goreng tak?
Do you have a pen - Ada pen tak?
How do you structure Can I/she/he/they __ or not questions?
Begin with boleh, finish with tak.
e.g can I hear - bole dengar tak?
can I hold - boleh saya pegang tak?
How do you say plurals?
Repeat the noun e.g buku-buku means books
What do ringgit and sen equivalate to?
Ringgit is like pounds
Sen is like pences
How many sen in a ringgit?
100 same as UK
Full Malay sentence structure?
- Subject 2. verb 3. noun with adjectives after 4. polite bit at end
Where and why should you use -lah
Use ‘lah’ at the end of the sentence to make abrupt sentences sound friendly and polite
How do you treat mr/mrs in a sentence?
Same as I/you/he/her/them - the subject at the start
What do you add to indicate a verb was done by accident?
The prefix ‘ter-‘
e.g sesat becomes tersesat (being lost becomes being accidentally lost)
How does abbreviation relate to formality?
The abbreviated forms of words are more informal than full words
You’ll have to check when you can and cant use them.
How do adjectives change the sentence structure?
Adjectives always go after each subject in a sentence. So say the first subject then all the adjectives that go with it, then the next subject and its adjectives etc.
e.g Awak dah jauh sangat ni
1. S-You 2. S-already V-far very 3. S-here
Also adjectives that emphasise other adjectives go second hence ‘far very’
What’s the order of multiple adjectives?
- Colours come before all other adjectives
- Adjectives that emphasise other adjectives come second e.g far very
Where do numbers go in sentence in relation the object’s number?
Numbers aren’t treated as descriptive so go before object
Very useful hyperlinks:
https://www.101languages.net/malay/grammar.html#:~:text=Malay%20word%20order%20is%20subject,%22%20%3D%20%22I%20ate%22.
https://ling-app.com/ms/malay-sentence-structure/
How do you use suffix -nya?
Put on end of adjectives to imply enthusiasm - same as saying very.
Why would you use ‘kan’ in a sentence?
Question tag at end of statement like ‘isn’t it’ or ‘can’t you’.
How does a different number of g’s change pronunciation?
one g you dont say ‘guh’ just form the g and move on
two g’s and you say ‘guh’
What word do you use when describing a group of animals?
ekor
What’s a word you can use for asking?
Minta - commonly used to ask for things.
What are shop owners usually addressed as?
Boss
What isn’t there in Malay?
plurals, genders and verb conjugations for persons, numbers, or tenses.
How are plurals, genders and verb conjugations for persons, numbers, and tenses expressed?
Adverbs and tense indicators.
Where are all the prefixes and suffixes attached to?
The base root words in sentences.
How do you use the prefix ‘ber’ with time periods?
Put before plural of a time period to make e.g for days, for years
What does putting tempat behind a verb achieve?
Allows you to describe a place you’re looking for. For example tempat jual ubat - place that sells medicine
How are parts of the day split up in Malaysia?
Noon is 12:00 pm -12:59 pm or 13:59 pm
Evening is 13:00 pm -18:59 pm
Night is 19:00 pm - 00:59 am
Morning 1:00 am - 11:59am
How do you pronounce two vowels together
As if an apostrophe was between them. So say first one then pause then say second one.
What suffix do you use to imply a verb is being done by someone for you?
Put ‘-kan’ on the end of the verb e.g tuliskan - write for me
What are used to refer to numbers of objects?
Classifiers e.g ears of corn, pieces of paper, cans of beans.
What’s the classifier for a number of people?
Orang
(Like saying I have five persons of siblings)
What suffix do you use to convert a number to a position/rank?
Put ‘Ke-‘ befroe the number e.g fifth - Kelima
What three prefixes should you use to make a verb a continuous verb?
Me-, mem-, meng- (Unique to certain verbs though) e.g membaca - reading
Difference between me-, mem-, and meng- and sedang?
Sedang implies you are currently doing the verb
Me-, mem-, and meng- are used for making verbs continuous generally
How do you say your favourite of anything?
Put the thing before ‘favourite’ at start of sentence. e.g my favourite colour is green - Warna kegemara saya ialah hijau.
How do you pronounce ‘Cs’ in words?
Ch
How do you pronounce ‘Ks’ in words?
Cuh - like c
What rule with dia is purposefully broken?
Means it
Use of dia only meant for humans/animals
But colloquially its used for anything
How to pronounce ‘g’?
Just form ‘g’ and then make sound or next letter in word.
What is tak the short form of?
Tidak
What two letters refer to physical and mental fitness
‘g’ is physical fitness
‘d’ is mental fitness
What does it mean when ‘O’ is after a drink name?
Its the type of the drink that is without milk
Why is it common to repeat dah (already) in a sentence?
It’s like in English saying I have started _ already. It makes a complete sentence
What’s meh the shortened version of?
Mari which means come
What do you do to change a question asking someone to do something for you to can you do something for someone or vice versa?
Switch the position of ‘awak’ and ‘saya’ in the sentence.
What is the classifier for fruit numbers?
biji
What term can be used as ‘then’?
lah
What is ‘ke’?
Informal conversational version of ‘kah’
What is ‘ke’ used for?
Used to make statements into questions e.g cake? if you see something you’re not sure is cake
What is ‘eh’?
Variation of ‘ke’, ‘yeah’, or ‘ya’
What is ‘eh’ used for?
To instigate a response of confirmation from someone. like ‘You’re walking yeah?’
How do Malay people say Malaysia?
Malay-sia (seeah) or Malaysia (english)
Which part of Malaysia is most advertised?
East Malaysia
Which part of Malaysia is called peninsular Malaysia?
West Malaysia
Where are Pahang and Kuala Lumpur?
West Malaysia - semenanjung malaysia
What’s the biggest state in Peninsular/ West Malaysia?
Pahang
What prefix do you put behind a verb to make it the verb ‘-est’.
‘ter-‘ for example large ‘besar’ becomes largest ‘terbesar’.
In Malaysia do you have to pay a toll to use the highway?
Yes
What’s the arabic greeting used by muslims globally and in Malaysia?
Assalamualaikum (shortened)
Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi ta’ala wabarakatuh (full version)
What phrase usually follows the Arabic greeting by Muslims if you are not of Islamic faith?
Dan salam sejahtera
What is the term coined by Malaysia’s 6th prime minister Najib Razak to encourage unity?
Dan salam 1Malaysia ya
What does the phrase ‘cecik darah’ mean and what is it used for?
Choking blood - really expensive
What is the staple dish of terengganu?
Nasi dagang
Trade rice
What is the longest night market in Malaysia?
(pasar malam) Taman connaught
How long is Taman connaught?
2 kilometres long
Three main cultures in Malaysia?
Malay, Chinese, Indian
What are the most dominant religions in Malaysia?
Islam, Buddhism, christianity, and hinduism,
What’s the common response you get when you show appreciation to Malaysia?
Malaysia sayang kamu juga
Malaysia loves you too
What does suga makanan mean?
Lots of people from around the world come to Malaysia especially Penang for the food.
What’s another use for the suffix ‘-nya’.
Put on end of plurals to act as ‘the’ e.g sotong-sotong (squids) to sotong-sotongnya (the squids)
What does ‘hari raya’ mean and what does it refer to?
‘Day of celebration’ as in Malaysia its used to refer to Eid which is a global islamic event.
What’s the term for ‘the person who puts in effort’? Refers to managers, owners ect.
pengusaha
Where can you put question word(s)?
At front or end of sentence.
If one g is in a word how do you pronounce it? And how do you pronounce two g’s
one g is silent and pronounce previous letter
two g’s means pronounce g
Where is lompattikam from in Malaysia?
State of Kelantan in peninsular Malysia
What is Kelantan state know for?
Their pretty women XD, they would be Kelantanese.
What are kuih bahulu?
Also called asian medallions, they are offerings if you attend open houses during Malay celberations e.g deepavali (diwali)
What is teh tarik?
Means pulled tea. Beverage of tea and condensed milk, mixed by pouring from long distance which is why its ‘pulled’. Beloved drink in Malaysia.
What is Tepung Pelita?
Means flour lantern. A type of coconut milk dessert which is traditionally green from pandan leaves but food colouring is more common now.
Need to find out what english words don’t exist in Malay
So you know when you want to say certain sentences when you need to use alternate appropriate words to say sentences correctly.
What’s the sentence order when talking about ownership of an object?
Item word first then word for claiming e.g Buku saya (book my)
What are all meanings for ‘saya’?
I/me/my/mine
What are all the meanings for awak?
You/your/yours
How does saying ‘mine’ work?
As can’t say ‘is I’ saya is used to sow personal element then ‘punya’ to make it ‘mine’.
Order when assigning ownership to an object?
first object then ownership e.g buku awak = your book
What are all the meanings for ‘awak’?
You/your/yours
What are all the meanings for ‘dia’?
He/she/him/her/his/hers
Order when assigning subject of conversation to an object?
first object then reference word e.g buku itu = that book
Why do Malaysian people often refer to themselves and others in the third person?
Sounds polite and caring, usually done between family.
How do you usually address servers in mamak restaurants?
Boss
What is kuah and how does it apply to talking about food in Malaysia?
Its the liquid element of any dish. Has no translation. Various dishes in Malaysia are defined by their kuah e.g curry, rendang, kerutuk, kuzi, gulai, lemak etc.
What’s a general expression of panic in Malay?
Alamak!
When eating a meal on banana leaf what indicates you liked/disliked the food?
Folding leaf inwards after finishing means you liked it, folding it outwards means you disliked it.
What topping for canai bread are usually eaten with it and on a banana leaf?
Dhal curry, coconut chutney, tomato chutney
What is thosai?
savoury thin pancake made form rice and lentils, a very popular breakfast in Malaysia.
What fish is commonly found in Malaysian restaurants?
Mackerel
What is Sahur?
Arabic term from Islam meaning the meal eaten before sunrise in ramadhan. Meant to give energy for whole day
What is Iftar?
Arabic term from Islam meaning the breakfast at sundown
What is Imsak?
Arabic term from Islam for the period of ten minutes before sunrise. Often used as point to stop eating by muslims so they don’t accidentally eat after sunise.