Rome-135-140

Question 1

What happened after the defeat of Carthage?

Answer 1

Rome became involved in the world of Hellenistic politics as an advocate of the freedom of the Greek states

Question 2

Who were the Romans in conflict with?

Answer 2

Both Macedonians and the kingdom of the Seleucids

Question 3

What brought Greek states their freedom?

Answer 3

Roman military victories and diplomatic negotiations rearranged the territorial boundaries

Question 4

Rome tried to be a power broker in the affairs of the Greeks without doing what?

Answer 4

assuming direct control of their lands

Question 5

What happened when these efforts failed?

Answer 5

Romans changed their policy

Question 6

in 148 B.C.C what was made a Roman province?

Answer 6

Macedonia

Question 7

Who rose in revolt?

Answer 7

Greek states

Question 8

What city was the leader of the revolt, and was destroyed in 146 to teach the Greeks a lesson?

Answer 8

Corinth

Question 9

Greece was placed under the control of who?

Answer 9

The roman governor of Macedonia

Question 10

What happened in 133?

Answer 10

The king of Pergamum deeded his kingdom to Rome, giving Rome its first province in Asia

Question 11

What were the stages in building Rome’s empire?

Answer 11

the conquest of Italy
the conflict with Carthage and expansion into the western Mediterranean
involvement with and domination of the Hellenistic kingdoms

Question 12

What happened as they expanded?

Answer 12

the more threats to their security appeared on the horizon, involving them in yet more conflicts

Question 13

How did the Romans like to portray themselves?

Answer 13

as only declaring war only for defensive reasons or to protect allies

Question 14

Who favored expansion both for the glory it offered and for the economic benefits?

Answer 14

Roman aristocratic leaders

Question 15

What were some new opportunities?

Answer 15

lucrative foreign commands
enormous spoils of war
abundant supply of slave labor

Question 16

What indicated Roman imperialism?

Answer 16

the destruction of Corinth and Carthage

Question 17

What did Rome’s foreign success have enormous repercussions on?

Answer 17

the internal development of the Roman Republic

Question 18

Who had become the effect governing body of the Roman state?

Answer 18

the senate

Question 19

Where were the 300 men drawn primarily from?

Answer 19

the landed aristocracy

Question 20

How long did they remain senators for?

Answer 20

life

Question 21

What did the senate hold?

Answer 21

the chief magistracies

Question 22

What did the senate exercise?

Answer 22

enormous power

Question 23

What did the senate do?

Answer 23

directed the wars
control foreign and domestic policy
financial affairs

Question 24

Who were the magistracies and senate controlled by?

Answer 24

a relatively select circle of wealthy and powerful families-both patrician and plebeian-called the nobiles

Question 25

Where did 80 percent of the consuls come from?

Answer 25

twenty-six families

Question 26

Where did 50 percent come from?

Answer 26

only ten families

Question 27

What did the nobiles constitute?

Answer 27

a governing oligarchy that managed a system of patronage and intimidation to maintain its hold over the magistracies and senate and guide the destiny of Rome while running the state in its own interests

Question 28

Who were the backbone of the Roman state and army?

Answer 28

small farmers

Question 29

What happened to the small farmwers?

Answer 29

many small farmers had found themselves unable to compete with large, wealthy landowners and had lost their lands

Question 30

What had the aristocrats developed by taking over state owned land and buying out small peasant owners?

Answer 30

latifundia

Question 31

What did latifundia use?

Answer 31

slave labor

Question 32

What did the rise of latifundia contribute to?

Answer 32

a decline in the number of small farmers

Question 33

What declined?

Answer 33

the number of men available for military service

Question 34

Where did the small farmers go?

Answer 34

cities, forming a large class of landless poor

Question 35

What did some aristocrats try to remedy?

Answer 35

growing economic and social crisis

Question 36

What did Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus believe?

Answer 36

the underlying cause of Rome''s problems was the decline of the small farmer

Question 37

What did the Gracchus brothers do?

Answer 37

bypassed the senate by having the council of the plebs pass land reform bills that called for government to reclaim public land and distribute it to landless Romans. Senators were furious

Question 38

When was Tiberius killed?

Answer 38

133 B.C.E

Question 39

Did Gaius get killled as well?

Answer 39

yes

Question 40

what opened the door to more instability and further violence?

Answer 40

attempts to bring reforms

Question 41

WHo began to recruit his armies in a new way?

Answer 41

Roman general named Marius

Question 42

WHo did Marius recruit?

Answer 42

volunteers from both the urban and rural poor who possessed no property. Volunteers swore an oath of loyalty to the general not the senate

Question 43

How were these men recruited?

Answer 43

they were promised land

Question 44

What did Marius do?

Answer 44

left a powerful legacy. | He created a new system of military recruitment that placed much power in the hands of the individual generals

Question 45

WHo was the next general to take advantage of the new military system?

Answer 45

Lucius Cornelius Sulla

Question 46

Who gave Sulla command of a war in Asia Minor?

Answer 46

The senate

Question 47

What happened when the plebs tried to transfer command of this war to Marius?

Answer 47

a civil war broke out

Question 48

Who won?

Answer 48

Sulla won and seized Rome itself, conducting a reign of terror to wipe out all opposition. Sulla restored power to the hands of the senate and eliminated powers of the popular assemblies. His example of using an army to seize power would prove most attractive to ambitious men.

Question 49

For the next fifty years, what were two important features of Roman history?

Answer 49

the jostling for power by a number of powerful individuals and the civil wars generated by their conflicts.

Question 50

Who were the three powerful individuals who came to hold enormous military and political power?

Answer 50

Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar

Question 51

Who was Crassus?

Answer 51

richest man in Rome | put down a major slave rebellion

Question 52

Who was Pompey?

Answer 52

successful military command in Spain | hailed as a military hero

Question 53

Who was Julius Caesar?

Answer 53

military command in Spain | joined with Crassus and Pompey to form a coalition that historians called the First Triumvirate

Question 54

What enabled the first triumvirate to dominate the political scene?

Answer 54

combined wealth and power of these men was enormous

Question 55

What did Pompey receive?

Answer 55

lands for his veterans and command in Spain

Question 56

What was Crassus given?

Answer 56

command in Syria

Question 57

What was Caesar granted?

Answer 57

special military command in Gaul.

Question 58

hat did Caesar do during his time in Gaul?

Answer 58

caesar had conquered all of Gaul and gained fame, wealth, and military experience and an army of seasoned veterans who were loyal to him

Question 59

Who voted for Caesar to lay down his command and return as a private citizen to Rome (he refused)

Answer 59

leading senators

Question 60

What did Caesar choose to do?

Answer 60

keep his army and move into Italy by illegally crossing the Rubicon

Question 61

What does the phrase "crossing the Rubicon" entail?

Answer 61

doing something after which there is no turning back

Question 62

What guaranteed a civil war between Caesar's forces and those of Pompey and his allies?

Answer 62

caesar marching on Rome

Question 63

What left caesar in complete control of the Roman government?

Answer 63

defeat of Pompey

Question 64

When was Caesar officially made dictator?

Answer 64

47 B.C.E

Question 65

When was Caesar made dictator for life?

Answer 65

44 B.C.E

Question 66

What did Caesar do?

Answer 66

gave land to the poor and increased the size of the senate to 900 by filling it with many of his supporters weakened the power of the senate granted citizenship to people who had helped him reformed the calendar by introducing the Egyptian solar year of 365 days building projects military adventures a group of leading senators assassinated him

Question 67

What two men divided the Roman world between them?

Answer 67

Octavian, Caesar's heir and grandnephew, taking the west, and Antony Caesar's ally and assistant, the east

Question 68

Why did Octavian and Antony eventually come into conflict?

Answer 68

Antony allied himself with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra. | Octavian began a propaganda campaign accusing Antony of catering to Cleopatra

Question 69

What battle in Greece did Octavian's forces smash the army and navy of Antony and Cleopatra?

Answer 69

Battle of Actium

Question 70

Where did Antony and Cleopatra flee to, and a year later commit suicide?

Answer 70

Egypt

Question 71

Who stood supreme over the Roman world when the civil wars and the Republic were ended?

Answer 71

Octavian

Question 72

WHat were the three classes that Rome was divided into?

Answer 72

senatorial equestrian lower