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freshmen year > 378-382 > Flashcards

378-382 Flashcards

0
Q

Who threatened Florence’s library?

A

Giangaleazzo Visconti

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1
Q

Who was Petrarch?

A

called the father of Italian Renaissance humanism

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2
Q

Who wrote New Cicero?

A

Leonardo Bruni

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3
Q

Who taught in Florence from 1396 to 1400?

A

Manuel Chrysoloras

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4
Q

Who commissioned a translation of Plato’s dialogues by Marsilio Ficino?

A

Cosimo de’ Medici

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5
Q

What did Marsilio Ficino dedicate his life to?

A

the translation of PLato and the exposition of the Platonic philosophy known as Neoplatonism

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6
Q

What was the manuscript that Marsilio Ficino translated into Latin?

A

Corpus Hermeticum

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7
Q

Who was Ficino’s pupil?

A

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

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8
Q

What did Pico produce?

A

Oration on the Dignity of Man

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9
Q

What was Dante’s masterpiece?

A

The Divine Comedy

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10
Q

What does “Inferno” represent symbolically?

A

despair

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11
Q

What does “Purgatory” represent?

A

hope

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12
Q

In Paradise, who is Dante guided by?

A

Saint Bernard

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13
Q

What does Saint Bernard symbolize?

A

mystical contemplation

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14
Q

What does paradise reflect?

A

perfection or salvation

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15
Q

Who was one of the extraordinary vernacular writers of the age?

A

Christine de Pizan

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16
Q

Who was Christine de Pizan’s father?

A

Charles V

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17
Q

When did her husband die?

A

when she was 25

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18
Q

How long were the married?

A

10 years

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19
Q

What was one book she wrote?

A

The Book of the City of Ladies

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20
Q

What was the significance ofJohannes Gutenberg’s bible?

A

it was the first real book produced from movable type

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21
Q

What were two characteristics of the italian renaissance?

A

individualism and secularism

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22
Q

Where were individualism and secularism most noticible?

A

in the intellectual and artistic realms of italian culture

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23
Q

What was the most important literary movement associated with the renaissance?

A

humanism

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24
Q

What was renaissance humanism?

A

it was an intellectual movement based on the study of the classics (literary works of Greece and Rome) humanists studied the liberal arts which were all based on the study of Ancient Greek and roman authors (these subjects are what we call the humanities)

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25
Q

Who was called the father of Italian renaissance humanism?

A

Petrarch

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26
Q

Who was the first intellectual to characterize the Middle Ages as a period of darkness?

A

petrarch

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27
Q

Petrarch’s interest in the classics led him on a search for what?

A

forgotten latin manuscripts

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28
Q

Petrarch’s search for latin manuscripts set in motion what?

A

it set in motion a ransacking of monastic libraries throughout Europe

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29
Q

Petrarch’s emphasis on pure Classical Latin made what fashionable?

A

it made it fashionable for humanists to use cicero as a model for prose and Virgil as a model for poetry

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30
Q

Who was the milanese tyrant who threatened the liberty of the city of Florence

A

Giangaleazzo Visconti

31
Q

Who was the classical roman statesmen and intellectual who became the model for humanists

A

Cicero

32
Q

Who was a florentine patriot, humanist, chancellor of the city, and wrote a biography of cicero?

A

Leonardo Bruni

33
Q

What was the title of Bruni’s biography of Cicero?

A

New Cicero

34
Q

Who served as the inspiration for the renaissance ideal that one must live an active life for ones state and everything including riches must be considered good if it increases ones power of action?

A

Cicero

35
Q

What did civic humanism reflect?

A

civic humanism reflected the values of the urban society of the Italian renaissance it intensified involvement of humanist intellectuals in the government

36
Q

WHo was one of the first italian humanists to gain thorough knowledge of greek?

A

Leonardo Bruni

37
Q

Who was Bruni a pupil of?

A

the byzantine scholar Manuel Chrysolaras

38
Q

The second half of the 15th century saw a dramatic upsurge of interest in the works of who?

A

Plato

39
Q

Who was the de facto ruler of Florence who commissioned a translation of Plato’s dialogues ?

A

Cosimo de Medici

40
Q

Who did he commission to translate Plato’s works?

A

Marsilio Ficino

41
Q

Who dedicated his life to the translation of Plato and the platonic phillosophy known as nioplatonism

A

Marsilio Ficino

42
Q

What two ideas in neoplatonism based on

A

it was based on the neoplatonic hierarchy of substances

theory of spiritual love

43
Q

What is neoplatonic hierarchy of substances mean?

A

great chain of being from lowest form of physical matter (plants) to the purest spirit (God) and humans occupy the middle position
humans were the link the material world and the spiritual world

44
Q

What was the highest duty of humans according to the Platonic hierarchy of substances?

A

their duty was the apprehend higher things and ascend toward union with God that was the true end of human existence

45
Q

What did Ficino’s theory of spiritual (or Platonic) love maintain?

A

it maintained that just as all people are bound together in their common humanity by love so too are all parts of the universe are held together by bonds of sympathetic love

46
Q

What was another product of the Florentine intellectual environment?

A

renaissance Hermeticism

47
Q

What else did Ficino translate?

A

he translated a greek manuscript into Latin entitled Corpus Hermeticum

48
Q

What two kinds of writings did Corpus Hermeticum contain?

A

One type stressed the occult sciences (astrology, alchemy, and magic) the other focused on theological and philosophical beliefs and speculations

49
Q

Who was the most prominent Magi in italy?

A

Ficino and his friend and pupil Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

50
Q

What is Pico’s most famous writing?

A

the oration on the dignity of man

51
Q

What did the Oration say?

A

it offered a ringing statement of unlimited human potential

52
Q

What did Pico consider magic to be?

A

he accepted it as the science of the divine

53
Q

How did the humanist movement have an effect on education?

A

renaissance humanists believed that human beings could be dramatically changed by education, they wrote treaties on education and open schools based on their ideas (liberal studies)

54
Q

What did humanists believe that liberal studies were the key to?

A

they thought it was a key to true freedom enabling individuals to reach their full potential

55
Q

What were considered liberal studies 9liberal arts)

A

according to humanists they included history, moral philosophy, and rhetoric, and letters (grammar and logic) poetry, mathematics, astronomy, music

56
Q

According to humanists, what was the purpose of a liberal education?

A

the purpose of a liberal education was to produce individuals who followed a path of virtue and wisdom and possessed the rhetorical by which they could persuade others to take it they also stressd physical education

57
Q

What were some physical education skills pupils were taught?

A

javelin throwing, archery, dancing, running, wrestling, hunting, and swimming

58
Q

What was the purpose of humanist schools?

A

their purpose was to educate and elite the ruling classes of their communities

59
Q

What does vernacular mean?

A

the language spoken in ones own region

60
Q

Works of whom helped make vernacular language more popular

A

dante and Christine de Pizan

61
Q

Who came from an old florentine noble family that had fallen on hard times?

A

dante

62
Q

What was dante’s masterpiece (written in Italian vernacular)

A

the divine comedy

63
Q

What is the divine comedy about?

A

its the story of the sole’s progression to salvation, its a lengthily poem divided into three sections

64
Q

What do the three major sections of the divine comedy correspond to and what are they called?

A 
they correspond to the realms of the afterworld,
hell purgatory, heaven/paradise 
hell= inferno
purgatory= purgatory
heaven= paradise
65
Q

What is Dante’s inferno about?

A

in inferno, Dante is led on an imaginary journey through hell, by his guide, who is the classical author, Virgil
Symbolically, inferno reflects despair

66
Q

WHat does the second stage, purgatory, reflect?

A

hope

67
Q

What does Paradises represent?

A

it reflects perfection or salvation

68
Q

What is Christine de Pizan best known for?

A

her french prose works written in defense of women called

the book of the city of ladies

69
Q

What was one of the most important technological innovations of civilization during the period of the renaissance

A

the development of printing

70
Q

WHo developed printing from moveable metal type?

A

it was a gradual process that culminated when Johannes Gutenberg completed the process

71
Q

What is the first real book produced from moveable type?

A

Gutenberg’s bible

72
Q

What was especially well known as a printing center?

A

Venice

73
Q

What was the most popular subject matter for books?

A

books religious in character

74
Q

What was second in importance in subject matter in books?

A

latin and greek classics, medieval grammar, legal handbooks, works in philosophy, and a growing number of popular romances

75
Q

What was one of the largest industries in Europe during the renaissance?

A

printing

76
Q

Name 5 benefits of printing

A

encouraged the development of scholarly research
facilitated cooperation among scholars
encouraged the desire to obtain knowledge
helped produce standardized texts
stimulated the rise of expanding lay reading public

freshmen year (39 decks)

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