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freshmen year > History Final > Flashcards

History Final Flashcards

0
Q

Where did Homo sapiens migrate from? To?

A

Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the America’s.

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1
Q

Where and when did Homo sapiens emerge?

A

Homo sapiens emerged in east Africa btwn 100,000 and 400,000 years ago.

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2
Q

How did physical geography influence the lives of early humans?

A

Early humans were hunter/gatherers whose survival depended on the availability of wild plants and animals.

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3
Q

Name 6 characteristics of hunter-gatherer societies in the old Stone Age :

A 
. They were nomadic
. They invented first tools
. Learned how to make and use fire
. Lived in clans
. Developed oral languages
. Created cave art
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4
Q

What does cave art show archaeologists?

A

What daily life may have been like.

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5
Q

How did the beginning of agriculture and the domestication of animals promote the rise of settled communities?

A

Te beginning of settled agriculture and permanent settlements was a major step in the advance of civilization.

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6
Q

What are 5 characteristics of the societies in the New Stone Age?

A 
. Developed agriculture (domesticated plants)
. Domesticated animals
. Used advanced tools
. Made pottery
. Developed weaving skills
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7
Q

What is an example of an archaeological site in England that was begun during the Neolithic age and completed during the Bronze Age ?

A

Stonehenge

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8
Q

Name two examples of early cities in the Fertile Crescent that are studied by archaeologists.

A

Aleppo and Jericho

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9
Q

What Neolithic settlement is currently under excavation in Anatolia?

A

Catalhoyuk

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10
Q

What tests do archaeologists use to analyze fossils and artifacts?

A

Carbon dating

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11
Q

Why did ancient civilizations develop in river valleys?

A

Settlements appeared in river valleys and around the Fertile Crescent because river valleys provided rich soil and irrigation for agriculture, and they tended to be in locations easily protected from invasion by nomadic people.

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12
Q

Where were the earliest civilizations located?

A

Mesopotamia - near Tigris and Euphrates river valley ( Southwest Asia)
Egyptians - Nile river valley and its delta (Africa)
Indians - Indus River valley (south Asia)
Chinese - Huang He valley (east Asia)

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13
Q

Where did early Hebrews settle?

A

Between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan river valley (part of Fertile Crescent)

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14
Q

Where did early Phonecians settle?

A

Along Mediterranean coast (also part of Fertile Crescent)

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15
Q

Where was Nubia located?

A

On the upper (southern) Nile river , Africa

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16
Q

What were called the “cradles of civilization”?

A

River valleys

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17
Q

What are some contributions made by early civilizations?

A

. Heredity rulers (dynasty kings, Pharaohs)
. Rigid caste system (slavery accepted)
. Developed political patterns
. World’s first states( city states, kingdoms, empires)
. Centralized government (often based on religious authority)
. Written law codes (10 commandments, code of Hammurabi)
. Developed economic patterns
. Metal tools, weapons (bronze, iron)
. Increasing agricultural surplus (better tools, plows, irrigation)
. Increasing trade along rivers and by sea (Phonecians )
. Developed worlds first cities
. Developed the practice of slavery

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18
Q

What are two examples of written law codes from early civilizations?

A

Code of Hammurabi

Ten Commandments

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19
Q

What were medal tools and weapons made out of in early civilizations?

A

bronze and iron

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20
Q

What religious traditions developed in ancient civilizations?

A

polytheism (practiced my most early civilizations)

monotheism (practiced by hebrews)

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21
Q

WHo is considered the father of Judaism?

A

Abraham

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22
Q

Who led the israelites out of Egypt?

A

Moses

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23
Q

WHat city is central to Judaism?

A

Jerusalem

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24
Q

What people were the first to become monotheists?

A

Hebrews

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25
Q

WHat is the book that contains written records and beliefs of the Jews?

A

Torah

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26
Q

Which “laws” state the moral and religious conduct for Jews?

A

the ten commandments

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27
Q

How did Judaism influence western civilization?

A

the monotheism of Abraham became the foundation of Judaism christianity and islam- religions that changed the world

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28
Q

What was the Diaspora?

A

the scattering of the Jews

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29
Q

What forms of writing and language existed in early civilization?

A

Cuneiform
Hieroglyphics
Pictograms
Phoenician Alphabet

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30
Q

What are Pictograms?

A

earliest written symbols

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31
Q

Where did hieroglyphics orriginate?

A

Egypt

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32
Q

Where did Cuneiform orriginte?

A

sumer

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33
Q

What was the main Persian religion?

A

Zoroastrianism

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34
Q

How did Persian govern its empire?

A
  • tolerance of conquered people
  • development of imperial bureaucracy
  • road system
  • religion- Zorastrianism
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35
Q

What did the religion of Zorastrianism believe?

A

Belief in two opposing forces in the universe

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36
Q

Why were physical geography ad location important to the development of indian civilization?

A

classical indian civilization began in the Indus River valley and spread to the ganges river valley, then threw the indian sub continent. it continued with little interruption because of its geographic location

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37
Q

What physical barriers made invasion more difficult?

A

the himalayas
the hindu Kush
Indian Ocean

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38
Q

What provided migration routes into the indian sub continent?

A

mountain passes in the Hindu Kush

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39
Q

What were the two most important rivers in the indian sub continent?

A

indus

ganges

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40
Q

Why was the caste system central to indian culture?

A

the indo-aryan people migrated into the area creating a structured society (caste system) blended with those of the indigenous people

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41
Q

WHat impact did aryans have on india

A

creation of caste system which influenced all social interactions and choices of occupations

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42
Q

What were some accomplishments of mauryan empire?

A 
political unification of much of india
spread buddhism 
free hospitals
veterinary clinics
good roads
and spread of buddhism
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43
Q

What contributions were made by the Gupta empire (golden age of classical indian culture)

A
  • math (concept of zero)
  • medical advances (set bones)
  • astronomey (concept earth was round)
  • new textiles
  • literature
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44
Q

What are some characteristics of the hindu religon?

A
  • belief in many forms of one god
  • reincarnation
  • rebirth based on karma
  • concept of karma (knowledge that all thoughts and actions result in future consequences)
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45
Q

What were the Vedas and Upanishads?

A

hindu sacred writings

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46
Q

Where did Hinduism spread?

A

along major trade routes

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47
Q

Who was the founder of Buddhism?

A

Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)

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48
Q

What are two major beliefs of Buddhism?

A

belief in the four noble truths and belief in the eight fold path

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49
Q

WHere was buddhism founded?

A

it was founded by Siddhartha Gautama in a part of india that is present day Nepal

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50
Q

Who sent missionaries throughout Asia to spread Buddhism, making it a major faith?

A

Asoka

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51
Q

Asoka’s missionaries and their writings spread buddhism from where to where?

A

it spread from india to China and other parts of ASia

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52
Q

What are two of the most noted Chinese contributions to civilization?

A

Confucianism and Taoism

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53
Q

When did Chinese culture begin?

A

around 1500 B.C

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54
Q

How was China governed?

A

China was governed by a succession of ruling families called dynasties

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55
Q

Even though Chinese rulers were considered divine, they still served under what?

A

theyserved under a Mandate of Heaven only as long as their rule was just

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56
Q

What facilitated trade and contact between China ad other cultures as far away as Rome?

A

the Silk Road

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57
Q

what are some contributions of classical china

A

1) civil service system
2) paper
3) porcelain
4) silk

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58
Q

WHy was the Great Wall of China built?

A

it was built for China’s protection against invaders from the north

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59
Q

Where was classical china centered?

A

it was centered on the Huang Ye (yellow river)- was geographically isolated

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60
Q

WHo built the Great Wall?

A

Qin Shi Huangdi as a line of defense against invasions

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61
Q

How did Confucianism contribute in forming the social order in China?

A

1) belief humans are good not bad
2) respect for elders
3) code of politeness (still used today)
4) emphasis on education
5) ancestor worship

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62
Q

What were some contributions of Taoism in forming Chinese culture and values?

A

belief in humility
simple life and inner peace
harmony with nature

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63
Q

What did yin yang represent for confucianism and Taoism?

A

opposites

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64
Q

What led to the spread of Hellenic culture across the mediterranean and Black Sea?

A

expansion of greek civilization through trade and colonization

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65
Q

why was agriculture limited in greece?

A

limited arable land

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66
Q

T/F

Greek cities were designed to promote civic and commercial life

A

true

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67
Q

what are two reasons given for greek colonization?

A

overpopulation and a search for farmable land

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68
Q

is greek mythology based on polytheistic or monotheistic religion

A

polytheistic

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69
Q

how did greek mythology impact later civilizations?

A

it was based on a polytheistic religion that was integral to the culture politics and art of Ancient Greece
many western civilizations symbols, metaphors words and idealized images come from Ancient Greek mythology
art and architecture

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70
Q

what was the purpose of the greek myths

A

they were explanations of natural phenomenon, human qualities and life events

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71
Q

Name six greek gods or goddesses

A 
zeus
Hera
Apollo 
artemis
athena
Aphrodite
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72
Q

how did democracy develop in athens

A

it started as a monarchy then became an aristocracy then became a tyranny and finally a democracy
although not everyone could participate in decision making
it became a foundation of modern democracy

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73
Q

what divided the greek city states of athens and Sparta

A

contrasting philosophies of government
athens, democracy
Sparta, oligarchy

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74
Q

what was the social structure in the greek polis?

A

citizens (only free adult males) had political rights and the responsibility of participation in government
women foreigners and slaves had no political rights

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75
Q

who were two tyrants in athens who worked for reform?

A

Draco and Solon

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76
Q

how did Sparta differ from athens

A

Sparta was an oligarchy with a rigid social structure and Sparta was militaristic and aggressive society

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77
Q

name something that helped cause the Peloponnesian war

A

competition between Sparta and athens for control of Greece

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78
Q

why were the persian wars important to greek culture?

A

persian wars united athens and Sparta against the persian empire

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79
Q

what two athenian victories over the persians left greeks in control of the Aegean sea

A

marathon and salamis

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80
Q

why was the greek victory important to athens

A

athens preserved its political independence and continued innovations in government and culture

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81
Q

Who controlled athens at the start of the peloponnesian war

A

the delian league

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82
Q

who controlled Sparta at the beginning of the peloponnesian war

A

the peloponnesian league

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83
Q

what was one result of the peloponnesian war

A

it resulted in the slowing of cultural advance and the weakening of political power

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84
Q

when was the persian war

A

499-449 bc

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85
Q

when was the peloponnesian war

A

431-404 bc

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86
Q

why was the leadership of pericles important to the development of athenian life and greek culture

A

pericles extended democracy
pericles rebuilt athens after the persian wars (parthenon)
athenian culture became one of the foundation stones of western civilization

87
Q

when was the golden age of Pericles?

A

it mostly occurred between the persian and peloponnesian wars

88
Q

what were some important contributions of greek culture to western civilization

A 
drama
poetry
history
sculpture
architecture
science
math
philosophy
89
Q

name the two most important playwrights from Ancient Greek culture

A

they were Aeschylus and Sophocles

90
Q

what greek poet wrote the Iliad and the odyssey

A

homer

91
Q

who were ancient Greece’s two most important historians

A

herodotus and Thucydides

92
Q

name two Ancient Greek sculptors

A

Phidias and polyclitus (doryphoros)- considered the standard of ideal beauty

93
Q

what are the three types of columns in greek architecture and which one is used in the parthenon

A

doric ionic Corinthian

doric

94
Q

who were two well known scientists of Ancient Greece

A

Archimedes and hypocrites

95
Q

what is hypocrites known for

A

he is known for advances in medicine (hippocratic oath)

96
Q

name two Ancient Greek mathematicians

A

Euclid and Pythagoras (pythagorean theorem)/ euclidian geometry

97
Q

name the three most famous philosophers of ancient Greece

A

socrates
plato
aristotle

98
Q

what was the teaching method of socrates

A

socratic method- utilizes question and answer technique to lead pupils to see things for themselves using their own reason

99
Q

who was Socrates disciple

A

Plato

100
Q

who was considered the greatest philosopher in western civilization

A

plato

101
Q

what did Plato write

A

the republic

102
Q

who was plato’s student and who did he tutor

A

Aristotle

Alexander the Great

103
Q

what did Aristotle write

A

politics

104
Q

how did the empire of Alexander the Great establish a basis for the spread of Hellenistic culture

A

he adopted greek culture and spread hellenistic influences throughout his vast empire
greek defenses had been weakened during the peloponnesian war
making it easier for macedonian conquest

105
Q

who was king of macedon and conquered most of greece

A

Phillip the second

106
Q

who established an empire from Greece to Egypt and the margins of india and extended greek cultural influences

A

Alexander the Great

107
Q

how was hellenistic culture spread

A

through trade

108
Q

what is the hellenistic age a blend of

A

Blend of greek and oriental elements

109
Q

how was geographic location important to development of Ancient Rome

A

the city of rome with its central location on the italian peninsula was able to extend its influence over the entire mediterranean basin
the italian peninsula was protected by the sea and an arc of mountains known as the alps
distant from eastern mediterranean powers

110
Q

what was the source of roman mythology

A

based on a polytheistic religion integral to culture politics and art
and it explained natural phenomenon, human qualities, and life events

111
Q

name six roman gods or goddesses

A 
jupiter
juno
Apollo
Diana
minerva
venus
112
Q

what impact did roman mythology have on later civilizations

A

many of western civilizations symbols metaphors words and idealized images come from ancient roman mythology

113
Q

how did the government of the roman republic become more democratic in its decision making

A

although women, most aliens, and slaves, were excluded from the governing process, the roman republic made major strides in the development of representative democracy which became a foundation of modern democracy

114
Q

what was the social structure in the roman republic

A

patricians (powerful nobility, few in number)
plebeians (majority of population)
slaves (not based on race)

115
Q

who could be citizens in the roman republic

A

patricians and plebeian men and selected foreigners

citizenship came with rights are responsibility (taxes and military service)

116
Q

name four features of democracy

A

representative democracy
assemblies
the senate
consuls

117
Q

during what war did rome conquer carthage

A

punic wars

118
Q

how was rome able to conquer carthage

A

hannibal invaded the italian peninsula

119
Q

roman culture spread throughout the mediterranean basin as a result of what

A

the victory over carthage and the punic wars

120
Q

what were rome and carthage in competition for

A

trade

121
Q

what were the dates for the punic wars

A

264-146 bc

122
Q

how many wars did it take for rome to defeat carthage

A

three wars

123
Q

where did the Roman Empire spread to

A

mediterranean basin (Africa, asia, Europe, eastern mediterranean, western Europe, gaul,and the British isles

124
Q

why did the roman republic fail to survive challenges by Julius caesar

A

the roman republic in the face of changing social and economic conditions succumbed to civil war and was replaced by an imperial regime which was the roman empire

125
Q

name four causes for the decline of the roman republic

A

spread of slavery in the agricultural system
migration of small farmers into cities and unemployment
civil war over the power of Julius caesar
devaluation of roman currency (inflation)

126
Q

describe the evolution of imperial rome

A

first triumvirate
Julius caesar - seizure of power, assassination
Augustus caesar- civil war, defeat of mark Antony, Rome’s first emperor
empire- unified and enlarged, using imperial authority and the military
failure to provide for peaceful succession of emperors

127
Q

what was the Pax Romana

A

2 centuries of peace and prosperity under roman rule

128
Q

how did augustus caesar establish the Roman Empire

A

by instituting civil service, rule by law, a common coinage, and secure travel and trade throughout the empire

129
Q

what was one outcome of the Pax Romana

A

expansion and solidification of the Roman Empire particularly in the near east

130
Q

what was the economic impact of the Pax Romana

A

established uniform system of money which helped expand trade
guaranteed safe travel and trade on roman roads
promoted prosperity and stability

131
Q

what was the social impact of the Pax Romana

A

returned stability to social classes and increased the emphasis on stability

132
Q

what was the political impact of Pax Romana

A

created a civil service and developed a uniform rule of law

133
Q

where does the origin of Christianity have its routes

A

it had its routes in judaism

134
Q

who was considered the leader of christianity

A

it was lead by jesus of nazareth who was proclaimed to be the messiah
this conflicted with polytheistic beliefs of the Roman Empire

135
Q

what were the essential beliefs of early christian faith

A

monotheism
jesus as both son and incarnation of god
belief in life after death
Christian doctrine established by early church counsels

136
Q

what is the name of the book containing accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus as well as the writings of early christians

A

the New Testament

137
Q

how was christianity spread

A

followers of jesus spread christianity throughout the Roman Empire.
carried by the apostles including Paul throughout the Roman Empire and it slowed as a result of persecution by roman authorities

138
Q

who adopted and legalized christianity

A

emperor constantine

139
Q

Who converted to Christianity and made it legal?

A

Emperor Constantine

140
Q

What was the impact of the church on the late Roman Empire?

A

. Christianity became official state religion
. Church became moral authority
. Loyalty to church was more important than loyalty to Emperor
. Church became the main unifying force of Western Europe

141
Q

How was western civilization influenced by the cultural achievements of Rome?

A

Conquests and trade spread roman cultural and technological achievements throughout the empire.

142
Q

What are some of the contributions of Ancient Rome?

A

. Art/architecture (pantheon, colosseum, forum)
. Technology (roads, aqueducts, arches)
. Science (Ptolemy)
. Medicine
. Language (Latin, Romance languages)
. Literature (Virgil’s Aeneid)
. Religion (roman mythology, adoption of Christianity as imperial religion)
. Law (innocent until proven guilty from twelve tables)
.

143
Q

How was medicine influenced by Ancient Rome?

A

There was an emphasis on public health. (Public baths, public water system, medical schools)

144
Q

Why did western Roman Empire decline?

A

Te Roman Empire steadily declined because of internal and external problems such as:
. Geographic size
. Economy (cost of defense and devaluation of currency)
. Military (decline in discipline due to inclusion of non-Romans )
. Political ( civil conflict and weak administration)
. Invasion (attacks on boarders)

145
Q

Name one reason for the division of the Roman Empire

A

move of the capital by constantine from rome to byzantium renaming it Constantinople

146
Q

Why was Constantinople established as the capital

A

it was changed to Constantinople to provide political economic and military advantages
protection of the eastern frontier
crossroads of trade
distance from germanic invasions in the western empire
easily fortified sight on a peninsula ordering natural harbor

147
Q

what was the role of constantinople

A

seat of byzantine emperor until ottoman conquest

preserved classical greco roman culture and center of trade

148
Q

what was the influence of Justinian codification of roman law on later legal codes

A

Justinian provided basis for law codes of Western Europe

149
Q

name three things justinian did

A

codification of roman law
reconquest of former roman territory
expansion of trade

150
Q

what was Justinian’s influence on the byzantine empire

A

under Justinian, the byzantine empire reached its height in culture and prosperity

151
Q

how did greek and roman culture survive within the byzantine empire

A

Greek orthodox christianity and imperial patronage enabled the byzantine empire to develop a unique style of art and architecture
greek and roman traditions were preserved in the byzantine empire

152
Q

name some byzantine achievements in art and architecture

A

icons (religious images)
mosaics in public and religious structures
Hagia Sofia (byzantine dome church)
inspiration provided by christian religion and imperial power

153
Q

name some contributions of the byzantine culture

A

continued flourishing of greco roman traditions
the greek language (as contrasted with latin in the west)
Greek Orthodox christianity
greek and roman knowledge preserved in byzantine libraries

154
Q

what factors produced the division within the christian church

A

the cultural and political differences between the eastern and the western Roman Empire weakened the unity of the Christian church and led to its division

155
Q

name three facts about the eastern church

A

centered in Constantinople
closer to seat of power after Constantinople became the capital
use of greek language in liturgy

156
Q

name three characteristics of the western church

A

centered in rome
farther from seat of power after Constantinople became capital
use of latin language in liturgy

157
Q

name some differences between the western and eastern churches

A

authority of the pope eventually was excepted in the west whereas authority of the patriarch was excepted in the east
practices such as celibacy eventually accepted in the west

158
Q

what are some reasons for the influence of byzantine culture on russia and Eastern Europe

A

trade routes between Black Sea and baltic seA
adoption of orthodox Christianity by russia and much of eastern Europe
adoption of greek alphabet to the slavic languages by saint cereal (Cyrillic alphabet)
church architecture and religious art

159
Q

where did the Islamic religion originate

A

mecca and medina on the arabian peninsula were early muslim cities

160
Q

who was the prophet of islam

A

the revelations of muhammad formed the basis of islamic religion (monotheistic faith)
muhammad and his followers spread islam

161
Q

where did islam spread to

A

the geographic extent of first muslim empire was across asia and Africa and into spain

162
Q

what are the beliefs and traditions and customs of islam

A

monotheism (allah-arabic word for god)
the Quran (Koran- the word of God)
five pillars of Islam
acceptance of judeo-christian prophets including moses and Jesus

163
Q

how did political and cultural geography facilitate trade and cultural activity in early islamic lands

A

in the first three centuries after Muhammad’s death muslim rule expanded rapidly in the first three centuries, overcoming geographic barriers and facilitated by weakened political empires
political unity and the Arabic language facilitated trade and stimulated intellectual activity

164
Q

what were some geographic influences on the origin and spread of islam

A

diffusion along trade routes from mecca and medina
expansion, despite great distances, desert environments, and mountain barriers
sprad into the fertile crescent, Iran, and Central Asia, facilitated by weak byzantine and persian empires

165
Q

name some geographic influences on economic social and political development

A

political unity of the first muslim empire was short lived
Arabic language spread with islam and facilitated trade across islamic lands
slavery was not based on race

166
Q

what were five historical turning points that effected the spread of islamic civilization

A 
death of Ali -sunni -shi'a division 
 muslim conquest of Jerusalem and damascus 
islamic capital moved to Baghdad
muslim defeat at the battle of tours 
fall of Baghdad to the mongols
167
Q

what were some cultural contributions of the islamic civilization

A
  • architecture (Dome of the rock)
  • mosaics
  • arabic alphabet
  • universities
  • translation of ancient texts into arabic
168
Q

name some scientific contributions of islamic civilization

A

arabic numerals (adapted from india), including zero
algebra
medicine
expansion of geographic knowledge

169
Q

how did the church grow in importance in the Middle Ages

A

it grew in importance after roman authority declined.
it became the unifying force in Western Europe
during the Middle Ages, the pope anointed emperors, missionaries carry christianity to germanic tribes and the church served as the social, political, and religious needs of the people

170
Q

what are three foundations of early medieval society

A
  • the classical heritage of rome
  • christian beliefs
  • customs of germanic tribes
171
Q

what influence did the roman catholic church have during the Middle Ages

A
  • secular authority declined while church authority grew
  • monasteries preserved Greco-Roman cultural achievements
  • missionaries carried christianity and Latin alphabet to germanic tribes
  • pope anointed Charlemagne in 880
  • parish priests served religious and social needs of the people
172
Q

how did a feudal society develop in Europe during the Middle Ages

A

the decline of roman influence in western Europe left people with little protection against invasion so, they entered into feudal agreements with land holding lords who promised them protection
invasions shattered roman protection over the empire

173
Q

what did the feudal society consist of

A

fief, vassals, serfs, and feudal obligations

174
Q

how did the manorial system function during the Middle Ages

A

rigid class structure and self sufficient manors

175
Q

how did Charlemagne revive the idea of the Roman Empire

A

frankish kings used military power to expand their territory
the alliance between Frankish kings and the church reestablished roman culture in western Europe
franks emerged as a force in Western Europe
the pope crowed the emperor
power of the church was established in political life
roman culture was reinterpreted
most of Western Europe was included in the new empire
churches, roads and schools were built to unite the empire

176
Q

how did invasions by the angles, saxons, magyars, and vikings influence the development of Europe

A

they disrupted the social, economic, and political order of Europe

177
Q

name the areas of settlement from the invasions

A

the angles and saxons from continental Europe to England

the magyars settled from central asia to Hungary and the vikings settled from scandinavia to russia

178
Q

what influence did the invaders have

A

invasions disrupted trade, towns declined, and the feudal system was strengthened
manors with castles provided protection from invaders, reinforcing the feudal system

179
Q

what were the major trade routes during the medieval period

A

major trade routes in the eastern hemisphere were

  • silk roads across asia to the mediterranean basin
  • maratime routes across the Indian Ocean
  • trans-saharan routes across North Africa
  • northern european links with the Black Sea
  • western european sea and river trade
  • south china sea and lands of Southeast Asia
180
Q

how did trade facilitate the spread of goods and ideas among different cultures

A

trade networks aided the diffusion or spread and exchange of technology and culture between Europe Africa and asia

181
Q

how were goods spread

A
  • gold, came from west Africa
  • spices from lands around the Indian Ocean
  • textiles from india, china, the Middle East, and later Europe
  • porcelain from china and persia
  • amber from the baltic region
182
Q

what technology was spread

A
  • paper from china through the muslim world to byzantium and Western Europe
  • new crops from india (for making sugar)
  • water wheels and windmills
  • navigation- the compass from china and lateen sail from the Indian Ocean
183
Q

what ideas were spread because of trade

A

spread of religions across the hemisphere and the spread of printing and paper money from china

184
Q

what religions spread across the hemisphere

A

buddhism spread from china to korea and japan
hinduism and buddhism spread from india to Southeast Asia
and islam spread into west Africa central and Southeast Asia

185
Q

where is japan located

A

it’s a mountainous archipelago located in the Sea of Japan off the asian mainland

186
Q

how did Chinese culture influence japan

A

because of china’s proximity to japan, they influenced their writing, architecture, and buddhism

187
Q

why where shinto and buddhism important to the development of japanese culture

A

they coexisted as religious traditions

188
Q

name four facts about the shinto religion

A

its an ethnic religion unique to japan
importance of natural features, forces of nature, and ancestors, it was the state religion worshipping the emperor and coexisted with buddhism

189
Q

what states and empires flourished in Africa during the medieval period

A 
GhAna
Mali
Songhai 
in west Africa 
Axum in east Africa 
and Zimbabwe in South Africa
190
Q

name two facts about Axum

A

located near Ethiopian highlands and the nile river

it was a Christian kingdom

191
Q

name two facts about Zimbabwe

A

located near zambezi and Limpopo rivers and the Indian Ocean coast
city of great Zimbabwe was capital of a prosperous empire

192
Q

what were the three west african kingdoms

A

Ghana Mail Songhai

193
Q

what are three facts about the west african kingdoms

A

they are located near Niger River and sahara
importance of gold and salt to trans saharan trade
city of timbuktu as a center of trade and learning
role an animism and islam

194
Q

where did the mayan civilization emerge

A

located in the mexican and Central American rain forest

195
Q

name four facts about the mayan civilization

A

represented by chichen Itza
group of city states ruled by a king
economy based on agriculture and trade
polytheistic religion (pyramids)

196
Q

where was the aztec civilization located

A

they were located in the arid valley in central mexico

197
Q

name four facts about aztecs

A

they were ruled by an emperor
they were represented by tenochtitlan
their economy was based on agriculture and tribute from conquered peoples
polytheistic religion (pyramids, rituals)

198
Q

where was the Incan civilization located

A

they were located in the andes mountains of South American

199
Q

five facts about the Incan’s

A

they were represented by Machu Picchu
they were ruled by an emperor
their economy was based on high altitude agriculture
they were a polytheistic religion and they had a road system

200
Q

what were three achievements of the Aztec Mayan and Incan civilizations?

A

calendars mathematics and writing ad other record keeping systems

201
Q

who led the norman conquest

A

William the conqueror (united most of england)

202
Q

When did common law have its beginnings

A

during the reign of henry the second

203
Q

what did king john sign limiting the kings power

A

Magna Carta

204
Q

what war helped define England and france as nations

A

the 100 years war between England and france

205
Q

who established the french thrown in paris and his dynasty gradually expanded control over most of france

A

Hugh Capet

206
Q

who was a unifying factor in france (during the 100 years war)

A

Joan of arc

207
Q

who unified spain and expelled jews and moors

A

Ferdinand and Isabella

208
Q

under who did the spanish empire in the Western Hemisphere expand

A

Charles the 5th

209
Q

who threw off the rule of mongols, centralized power in Moscow and expanded the russian nation

A

Ivan the Great

210
Q

what church influenced unification of russia

A

Orthodox Church

211
Q

where was power in russia centralized

A

in the hands of the Tsar

212
Q

what are the five key events of the crusades

A 
Pope urban speech 
capture of Jerusalem 
the founding of crusader states
the loss of Jerusalem to Saladin
sack of Constantinople by western crusaders
213
Q

Who carried out the crusades and why

A

they were carried out by christian political and religious leaders to take control of the holy land (Jerusalem) from the muslims

214
Q

What are the four effects of the crusades

A

weakened the pope and nobles
strengthened monarchs
stimulated trade throughout the mediterranean area
and the Middle East
left a legacy of bitterness among christians jews and muslims
weakened the byzantine empire

freshmen year (39 decks)

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