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earth science > rocks > Flashcards

rocks Flashcards

1
Q

Minerals def

A

naturally occuring inoganic solid with a specific composition and crystal structure

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2
Q

what does naturally occuring mean?

A

NOT HUMAN MADE

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3
Q

what is an inorganic solid?

A

made from non-living materials

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4
Q

what does specific composition mean?

A

made from various elements such as oxygen, silicon etc

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5
Q

What are all minerals composed of?

A

one or more elements

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6
Q

What does it mean to have distinct crystal structure?

A
  1. the mineral shape is determined by how the atoms are arranged
  2. the minerals atoms are arranged in a specific pattern that repats itself over and over
  3. the longer the mineral cools and hardens the larger the crystals become
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7
Q

what shape do the atoms make in all minerals?

A

a tetrahedron

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8
Q

a mineral has its specific properties because of what?

A

because of the internal arrangement of its atoms

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9
Q

What is responsible for a crystal structure’s chemical and physical properties?

A

the arrangment of the mineral’s atoms

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10
Q

All minerals are rocks but…

A

not all rocks are minerals

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11
Q

What are the most abundant elements that make up the earth’s crust?

A

oxygen and silicon

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12
Q

how are minerals identified?

A

using:
1.color
2.hardeness
3.luster
4. streak
5. breakage
6.specific gravity
7. fracture

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13
Q

how does someone identify a mineral using color?

A

by observing the actual color of the mineral

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14
Q

why is using color not a great way to indentify a mineral?

A

because some minerals have the same color (gold and pyrite)

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15
Q

how does someone indentify a mineral based on hardness?

A

by finding the minerals hardness relative to other known objects

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16
Q

what scale is used to measure hardness of minerals?

A

Moh’s hardness scale

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17
Q

How does someone identify a mineral using streak?

A

by observing the color left on a streak plate when the mineral is rubbed on it.

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18
Q

how does someone identify a mineral using luster

A

by observing if the mineral is metallic (shiny like a metal) or non metallic (not shiny)

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19
Q

how does someone identify a mineral using breakag

A

by observing if it has cleavage (flat breakage)

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20
Q

how does someone identify a mineral using fracture?

A

by observing if the mineral has an uneven breakage

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21
Q

How does someone identify a mineral based on specific gravity?

A

by finding the density if a mineral

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22
Q

define specific properties

A

some minerals have specific porperties that help identification

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23
Q

Examples of specific properties

A
  1. double refraction - splits light to show a double image
  2. acid soluble - dissolves in acid
  3. magnetic - able to attract metal by magnetism
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24
Q

When does igneous rock form?

A

form when molten magma or lava cools and hardens

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25
define lava
MAGMA THAT COOLS ABOVE GOUND
26
Describe volcanic rocks
they are extrusive they form above the surface they cool quickly they have small crystals
27
define extrusive
LEFT GROUND
28
examples of volcanic rock
basalt, prumice, rhyolite and obsidian
29
Define magmA
LIQUID ROCK BELOW EARTHS CRUST
30
Describe plutonic rocks
They are intrusive form below surface they cool slowly they have large crystals
31
How are most igneous rocks produced?
they are produced from a type of solidifcation called crystalization
32
what does solidifcation mean?
turn solid
33
What is crystalization the result of?
magma or lava cooling, forming a solid composed of intergrown mineral crystals
34
how do intergrown crystals fit in igneous rock?
they fit together in igneous rock like a jigsaw puzzle
35
What are the ways to identify igneous rock?
through texture and color
36
what does texture do for mineral crystals
texture defines the appearance of mineral crystals NOTHOW THEY FEEL
37
Describe coarse grained igneous rock
slow cooling results in large crystals that are visible to the eye
38
Describe classy igneous rock
very rapidly cooling causes rocks to have glassy texture. No mineral vrystal present
38
Describe Fine Grained igneous rock
faster cooling results in smaller crystals that are only visible under a microscope
39
Describe felsic rocks and mafic rocks
Felsic: light colored contain feldspar and silicon low density example: granite Mafic rocks: dark colored high density contain magnesium and iron form in the ocean example: Basalt
40
What is one unique texture?
vesicular
41
How are vesicular rocks made?
Explosive volcanoses release a lot of gas creating vesicular rocks
42
Define vesicular rocks
rocks that contain holes created by gasses trapped in lava
43
Define rock
rock isa naturally formed solid
44
what 3 categories are rocks put into?
Sedimetery rock, igneous rock, metaphoric rock
45
What are rocks categorized by?
texture composistion
46
what is texture -
size and shape
47
what is composition -
minerals presents
48
how do sedimentary rocks form?
when sediment (pieces of weathered rock) is compressed (compacted) and cemented together
49
most sedimentary rocks form under large bodies of water, describe how they are deposited.
they are deposited in horizontal layers
50
how do clastic sedimentary rocks form?
1. weathering and erosion 2. deposition 3.compaction 4.cementation 5.uplift
51
What is weathering and erosion?
breaking of pre exisiting rocks into sediment by wind or water
52
what is deposition
Process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind carrying it.
53
what is compaction
Process that presssed sediment together due to the weight of the sediment above it
54
What is cementation
Process in which dissolved minerals fill the spaces between sediment and then harden
55
What is uplift and leveling
forces expose the rock layers to the surface.
56
define clastic-
fragmented / in pieces
57
how do chemical dissolved sedimentary rocks form?
1. minerals dissolve in water 2. water begins to evaporate 3. crystals precipitate to the bottom and solidify into rock
58
how are sedimenterary rocks classified?
sedimentary rocks are classified by the type of sediment that make up the rocks
59
Classification of sedimentary rock:
Conglomerate Bioclastic Chemical
60
define bioclastic classification
sedimentary rocks made from broken pieces of shells or fossils
61
define chemical classification
sedimentary rocks that form from evaporation of a solution leaving crystals behind. They are also called crystalline rocks
62
what ar emetamorphic rocks?
new rocks formed from igneous sedimentary and or other metamorphic rocks that have been changed due to high pressure and high heat
63
what does metamorphisim means?
to change
64
describe the features on metamorphic rocks
distorted
65
what happens with metamorphic rock?
minerals have been recrystillizationed not melted
66
what is the parent rock
the rock before metamorphism
67
what are the two types of metamorphic texture?
foliated non folitaed
68
what are the two categories of foliated and what do they mean
mineral allignment: following heat and pressure the rocks minerals realign in lines Banding: Occurs after extreme heat and presure is applied causing very distinct mineral lines
69
define foliated:
allignment of mineral crystals
70
define non foliated:
these rocks have a lack of layering
71
What is contact metamorphism?
when rocks come in contact with magma the extreme heat changes the rock.
72
what happens when rock is beeing dealt with little or no pressure
the new rock lacks follium
73
what is regional metamorphism?
rocks are changed from increased pressure and heat during plate collision (the pressure results in metamorphic rock that is folded.)
74

earth science (22 decks)

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