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dynamic earth Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

The ;ayer of rock that forms the outer shell of earth

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2
Q

Define the Crust-

A

the uper part of the lithosphere (crust and litosphere mean same thing)

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3
Q

What is evidence for past movement of crust based on?

A

It’s based on the concept of original horizontal

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4
Q

What is the original horizontally concept

A

The concept assumes that sedimentersry rock layers form horizontal layers or strata

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5
Q

Most strata that are found in positions other than Horizontal are deformed be what?

A

Crystal movement

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6
Q

List the deformed layers

A

Folded
Faulted
Tilted

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7
Q

Describe folded layers-

A

Layers are bent or curved

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8
Q

Describe faulted layer

A

Layers are offset along a crack called the fault

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9
Q

Describe tilted layer

A

Layers are slanted or tipped

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10
Q

What is uplift

A

When the earths crust is raised up

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11
Q

What is uplift usually indicated by?

A

Ocean rocks or marine fossils found at very high elevations

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12
Q

What is sinking

A

The lowering of earths crust

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13
Q

How does one recognize sinking

A

From when sedimenterary rocks or marine fossils are found hundreds of meters below sea level

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14
Q

Define earthquake

A

A natural rapid shaking of the lithosphere when stored energy in rocks is released

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15
Q

What are most earthquakes caused by?

A

Movement along faults

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16
Q

What is potential energy stored in rocks given off as in an earthquake

A

Seismic waves

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17
Q

Where do seismic waves originate and radiate

A

they originate at the focus and radiate in all directions

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18
Q

What is a seismograp

A

an instrument used to measure earthquake waves,

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19
Q

how do seismographs record earthquakes.

A

they record earthquakes by the earth shaking a paper.

20
Q

define a P wave

A

primary waves which travel in the same direction as they vibrate

21
Q

Define S waves

A

Secondary waves which vibrate at right angles to the direction they travel.

22
Q

Define a surface waves

A

When P or S waves reach the Earth’s surface. These waves cause the most shaking and damage

23
Q

What are the earthquake waves

A

P waves
S Waves
Surface Waves

24
Q

Why do P waves reach the seismograph first?

A

because the P waves travel the fastest

25
Q

What do the speed of the seismic wave depend on?

A

it depends on the density of the material they pass through

26
Q

What happens as waves pass through different densities

A

they are refracted or bent

27
Q

What is the relationship between wave speed and density of material

A

The speed of the wave increases as the density of the material increases

28
Q

What stages of matter do P waves pass through

A

solids, liquids and gasses

29
Q

What is the only stage of matter that S waves pass through

A

solids

30
Q

Using seismic waves arrival time what can we determine?

A

The distance to the epicenter but not the direction

31
Q

How canw e determine the direction of the epicenter?

A

by dtermining the distance of at least three seismograph readings

32
Q

what is the magnitude of an earthquake

A

the streangth/intensity of an earthquake

33
Q

What do we use to compare relative streangths and intensity from earthquakes?

A

the richter scale

34
Q

What happens as you get closer to the epicenter of an earthquake

A

intensity and damage increases

35
Q

How can we reduce risk of injury during an earthquake

A

by utilizing proper planning

36
Q

How long do earthquakes last?

A

for seconds so stay inside in between an interiro doorway

37
Q

What are tsunamis

A

Seismic sea waves

38
Q

What are tsunamis caused by?

A

Earthquakes landslides and volcanic eruptions

39
Q

How big can tsunamis get

A

Up to 100 ft

40
Q

Define volcano

A

A mountain composed of extrusive igneous rock

41
Q

What is plate tectonic theory

A

The basic idea that the earths crust is broken up into sections called plates

42
Q

What causes changes in earths surface according to plate tectonic theory

A

Plate movement and interaction

43
Q

How much do plates move per year

A

A few cm

44
Q

What has happened over the course of earth history at the crust

A

Landmasses have come together and split apart

45
Q

What is it called when all land is together

A

A super continent

earth science (22 decks)

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