RISK FACTORS, CAUSALITY, BRADFORD HILL CRITERIA

Question 1

when was bradford hill criteria made

Answer 1

1965

Question 2

what is bradford hill

Answer 2

Widely recognised as a basis for causality assessment in epidemiology
In order to say that an association is causal, it should meet as many from this criteria as possible:

1) Strength of the association
2) consistentecy
3)Specificity of the association
4) temporlaity
5) Biological gradient
6) plausible
7) coherance
8) experiment
9) analogy

Question 3

most common risk measures

Answer 3

1) RR
2) attributable risk
3) ODDS

Question 4

WHAT would make something a protective factor

Answer 4

if the RR <1

Question 5

define Relative risk

help you remember you are dividing

Answer 5

A ratio of the incidence in the exposed group (IE) compared to the incidence in the unexposed group (INE) ∴ IE/INE

e.g smoking in causing cancer for example

Question 6

attributable risk

help you remember you are taking away

Answer 6

the difference between the incidence in the exposed group and the incidence in unexposed group ∴IE – INE

Question 7

odds ratio

Answer 7

the relationship pf the probability of occurrence of an event to that of non- occurrence.

Question 8

what gives you A snapshot of disease distribution in a population at a given moment.

Answer 8

incidence

Question 9

difference bbetwen incidence and prevelence

Answer 9

time interval in incidence you need to have a time interval

Question 10

Methods for studying incidence
Sources:

Answer 10

Data from the patient and his/her family
Data from medical establishments
Data from death registries

Question 11

morbity

Answer 11

any departure, subjective or objective from a state of physiological wellbeing. Usually accept as a statistical concept including all cases of diseases that the health system is informed about.

Question 12

“Epidemic situation
Low level of health prevention and treatment”

what does this mean

Answer 12

high incidence and high prevelence

Question 13

which group does an aged popuplaution fall under

Answer 13

low incidence + high prevelence

Question 14

confounding variable

Answer 14

A confounding variable is a third variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables.

it has to affect both

e.g alchol and heart disease

but smking is a confounding variable as it affects both

Question 15

definition of risk

Answer 15

Generally, risk refers to the probability that an event will
occur. In epidemiology, risk refers to the probability that
person, exposed to certain factors (risk factors) will
subsequently develop a particular disease.

Question 16

whats odds ratio usually measured with

Answer 16

case control

Question 17

definition of proportion

Answer 17

Proportion is a ratio, measuring the number of specific events
out of total events. For example, the proportion of male patients
in a hospital is the number of males / all patients.

Question 18

definiton of ratio

Answer 18

Ratio is a quantitative measure of the relationship of two
(independent) rates or events which may not be a part of the
same denominator. For example, sex ratio is the number of men
/ number of women.

Question 19

definiton of ratio

Answer 19

Ratio is a quantitative measure of the relationship of two
(independent) rates or events which may not be a part of the
same denominator. For example, sex ratio is the number of men
/ number of women.

Question 20

definition of rate

Answer 20

measures the occurrence of an event in a population
over time. The persons in the denominator must reflect the
population from which the cases in the numerator arose. The
counts in the numerator and denominator should cover the same
time period. The persons in the denominator must be “at risk”
for the event, that is, it should have been possible for them to
experience the event.

Question 21

low incidence and low prevelence

Answer 21

Good level of health care
services with successful prevention and treatment of diseases

Question 22

ICD

Answer 22

is a system developed collaboratively between the World Health Organization and 10 international centres so that the medical terms reported by physicians, medical examiners, and coroners
on death certificates can be grouped together for statistical
purposes.
- The purpose of the ICD and of WHO sponsorship is to
promote international comparability in the collection,
classification, processing, and presentation of mortality
statistics.

Question 23

MOST CURRENT ICD

Answer 23

11 is officially in use
35 countries are using 11

Question 24

youtube video on odds

Answer 24

> 2 - considered meangingful
4- very strong