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Sports Science > Revision session info > Flashcards

Revision session info Flashcards

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1
Q

Newtons Law of Inertia

A

an object either remains at rest or continues to move with constant momentum, unless acted upon by a net force

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2
Q

Newtons Law of acceleration

A

the rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the force causing it and the change takes place in the direction in which the force acts

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3
Q

Centre of mass

A

the conceptual point where all the mass of a body can be considered to be concentrated

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4
Q

Newtons law of Reaction

A

for every action force there is a reaction force which is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction

“every action has an equal and opposite reaction”

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5
Q

Longitudal axis

A

Up and down

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6
Q

Transverse axis

A

Left and right

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7
Q

frontal Axis

A

Front & Back

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8
Q

Vertical Average Loading rade (VALR)

A

average gradient between 20-80% of impact peak

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9
Q

Verticle Instanteneous Loading Rate

A

maximum gradient before impact peak

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10
Q

Embedded force platform pros

A

accurate and reliable 3D force measurements

high sampling frequency and resolution

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11
Q

Embedded force platform cons

A

often restricted to indoor use and a single step

possibly unnatural gait (force plate targeting)

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12
Q

Projectile motion

A

Splitting motion into vertical and horizontal components

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13
Q

Portable Force monitors pros

A

Portable force monitors can be used outside of a lab setting, making them more versatile.

They provide a good alternative when fixed force plates are not available or practical.

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14
Q

Portable force monitors cons

UP

A

Typically, they are less accurate and reliable compared to lab-based force plates.

Often only measure vertical forces.

May not be embedded into the ground, which can affect the accuracy of certain movements (e.g., running over a raised surface).

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15
Q

Triaxial accelerometer

A

measures instantaneous acceleration

at rest will measure 1g due to gravity

orientation is important

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16
Q

Triaxial Accelerometer Pros

A

Can be cheaper and easier to use compared to other force measurement tools.

Often embedded within other devices such as GPS units, making them multifunctional.

Measure acceleration in three dimensions (x, y, and z axes), providing comprehensive data on movement.

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17
Q

Triaxial Accelerometers Considerations

PMB

A

Placement: The position where the accelerometer is placed on the body or equipment can affect the measurements. For example, a GPS unit with an embedded accelerometer might not accurately represent the centre of mass.

Movement Influence: The presence of the device should not interfere with the natural movement of the subject.

Battery Life and Comfort: Ensure the device has sufficient battery life for the duration of the measurement and is comfortable for the user to wear.

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18
Q

Accelerometer pros

price, easy, embed

A

cheaper than lab equipment

easy to use

often embedded within other devices

can monitor closer to the site of interest

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19
Q

Accelerometer cons

A

valid for intended purpose?

affect the movement being monitored?

battery life,

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20
Q

Frame rate vs Shutter speed

A

Frame Rate
Definition: The number of frames (or images) captured per second in a video.
Units: Typically measured in frames per second (fps) or Hertz (Hz).

Shutter Speed
Definition: The length of time the camera’s shutter is open to expose light onto the camera sensor for each frame.
Units: Typically measured in fractions of a second (e.g., 1/50 s, 1/1000 s).

21
Q

Focal Length

A

Definition: The distance between the camera lens and the image sensor when the subject is in focus.

22
Q

Short Focal Length

A

Wide-angle view, captures more of the scene, often used for landscapes.

23
Q

Long Focal Length

A

Narrow field of view, magnifies distant subjects, often used for wildlife or sports photography.

24
Q

Depth of field

A

The range of distance within a photo that appears acceptably sharp and in focus.

25
Q

Lens Distortion

A

The alteration of straight lines and shapes in an image due to the design of the lens.

26
Q

Barrel Distortion

A

Lines bow outward from the center of the image. Common in wide-angle lenses.

27
Q

Pincushion distortion

A

Lines bow inward toward the center of the image. Common in telephoto lenses.

28
Q

Mustache Distortion

A

A complex combination of barrel and pincushion distortion

29
Q

How to measure scale info

A

MeasuredLength(inpixels) ÷ KnownLength(inrealunits)
​

30
Q

CoG

A

Centre of Gravity (CoG)
Definition: The Centre of Gravity (CoG) is the point at which the entire weight of an object or body is considered to be concentrated and where the force of gravity acts. It is the balance point of the body.

31
Q

Balance

A

the ability to maintain the body’s centre of mass over its base of support, whether stationary (static balance) or moving (dynamic balance).

32
Q

Passive Stability factors

GM, LB, LCG, FD

A

Greater Mass: More inertia, harder to move.
Larger Base of Support: Increased stability.
Lower Center of Gravity: More stability, less likely to topple.
Further Distance from Pivot: Increased torque needed to tip over.

33
Q

stable equilibrium

A

Potential energy at a minimum

Work must be done to change

Tendency to return to original posture

34
Q

Unstable Equilibrium

A

Potential energy at or near a maximum

very little if any work must be done to change

small movement takes the gravity line the base

35
Q

Neutral Equilibrium

A

Object moves but no change in potential energy

based of support is small but doesnt matter

36
Q

Modifiable factors to increase stability

A

keeping CoG over base of support

lowering CoG

increasing mass

extend base of support towards oncoming force

shift CoG towards oncoming

37
Q

Common reflex balance mechanism

A

Ankle Strategy

Hip Strategy

Stepping response

Arm circle

increasing response to severity of perturbation and safety constraints

38
Q

Friction

A

a force that acts in opposition to the movement of one surface over another

39
Q

Normal Force

A

is perpendicular to the surface in contact
mass * gravity

40
Q

Relative Velocity

A

Headwind or tailwind
the total velocity

velocities in oppositve direction: sum

Velocities in same direction: difference

41
Q

Laminar Flow

A

Fluids slide smoothly over

layers flow in parallel

little disruption to fluid

42
Q

Turbulent flow

order, slow, streamline

A

Less orderly

Greater impact on object slowing it down

boundary layer is composed of vorticies that increase surface friction creating more disruptiob

common at the rear of non-streamlined objects

43
Q

Reducing drag

A

More Streamlined shap

Smaller surface area

44
Q

Constraints to movement: Movement Pattern

A

A general series of anatomical movements that have common elements of special configuration.

45
Q

Constraints to movement: Skill

A

When a general movement pattern is adapted to the particular constrains of a particular task it is called skill.

46
Q

Constraints to movement: Technique

A

When a particular type of the same skill or task is performed, it is called a technique

47
Q

Constraints to movement: Style

how an athlete performs it

A

Within each technique a performer may use individual modifications (e.g. individual timing). This is defined as the style of performance.

48
Q

Constraints to movement: Rules and Environment

A

Rules may guide / penalise natural movement (i.e. follow-through after discus throw)

49
Q

Constraints to movement: Human Factors

A

Strength, Power, Speed, Flexibility

Sports Science (8 decks)

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