Psychological Skills II Flashcards
Psychological Skills Training (Weinberg & Gould, 2015, pp.248)
“Systematic and consistent
practice of mental or psychological
skills for the purpose of enhancing
performance, increasing
enjoyment, or achieving greater
sport and physical activity self satisfaction”
Goal Setting (Locke &
Latham, 1985)
“the aim or objective of
something that we are
trying to obtain”
Outcome Goals
Intentions relative to performance of others involved in an activity
Winning a race
Beating a Teammates
Performance Goals
Levels personal achievement & self-referenced
- Is subjective
- Running a race in a certain time
- Jump a certain distance
Process Goals
Self referenced but focus on process rather then product of performance
- Train four times a week
- Wake up at 7am for training
Smarter Goals
SMARTER goals
- Specific
- What is it going to focus on
- Measureable
- How will you know will it be achieved
- Actioned
- What are you gonna do
- Realistic
- How realistic could it be>
- Time based
- how long will it take
- Evaluate
- How successful were they
- Reset
- Once achieved, start and fresh
- Right you made the time earlier than expected means we werent as realistic but that’s fine lets see can we go further and vice versa
How to tell if the effect size is important
Effect size
- Small effect = 0.2
- Medium Effect = 0.5
- Large Effect = 0.8
Meta analysis (Kyllo & Landers, 1995): Goal Specificity
SA, SR & G
Goal Specificity
- Specific Absolute Goals = 0.93
- Very specific goals
- Specific Relative Goals = 0.27
- Specific to the sport but relative
- Hit around 2 minutes and you should be fine
- Specific to the sport but relative
- General do your best = 0.38
- Athletes told “do your best” often spontaneously set specific goals” (Weinberg & Weigand, 1993
Meta analysis (Kyllo & Landers, 1995) Difficulty
eDm
- Easy = 0.07
- Moderate = 0.53
- Difficult = 0.41
- easy goals had little effect size but moderate foals had a medium effect on performance
Meta analysis (Kyllo & Landers, 1995) Long term and Short term goals
- Short term
- 0.38
- Achieving short term goals increases self-efficacy (confidence)
- 0.38
- Long Term 0.19
- Combined 0.48
- when combined long term and short term goals increase an athletes effectivenesss
- “Four years is a long time and there’s lots of stepping stones along the way… I’m very excited to set some new goals” –Dame Sarah
Storey, 14 Paralympic gold medals
Meta analysis (Kyllo & Landers, 1995) Publication of goals
- Public goals: 0.79
- Those who make their goals public will be likely to achieve them
- Private Goals: 0.06
Meta analysis (Kyllo & Landers, 1995): involvement within the goal setting process
Involve performer in goal setting process
- Assigned by a coach: 0.30
- Co-operative (with a coach) goals 0.62
- Participant set: 0.49
Meta analysis (Kyllo & Landers, 1995) Focus on performance
and/or process rather than outcome
process outcomes are worse than performance outocmes but thats are worse than outcomes
Public Goal setting intervention (Ward & Carnes, 2002): Intervention
Self-set + public posting of performance goals in 5
College line-backers
Public Goal setting intervention (Ward & Carnes, 2002): 3 elements of performance in rugby
- Reads
- Positioning for pass or runs
- Drops
- correct responses to oposistion to line up
- Tackles
- to stop progress
Public Goal setting intervention (Ward & Carnes, 2002): rapid improvement
- Base line performance (before goal setting): 70%
- Post intervention: 95%
How do goals work
How do goals work
- To motivate
- To create a plan
- To monitor progress
Task success
- perceptions of competence self referenced.
- Meeting the demands of the task, exerting effort and improving one’s skill level
Ego Success
Ego
- interest in demonstrating superior competence.
Better than others or surpass normative standards
Adaptive outcomes
Adaptive Outcomes
- Engaging in training
- Giving best effort in training and competition
- Exhibitiing persistence even when things are not going well
- Selecting optimally challenging activities and opponents
- performin to potential consistentlu
- Continually working on improvement