Revision Quiz 2 Flashcards
2 nodes which form conduction control system of heart
Sinoatrial
Atrioventricular
What % blood goes directly to coronary arteries
5
What effect does sympathetic NS have on heart
Increases rate
Contraction strength
Where do you palate the dorsalis pedis pulse
Foot
How do you calculate cardiac output
Stroke volume x heart rate
2 things aid blood return to heart
Body position - gravity assisted
Respiratory pump - vacuum/pressure
Skeletal muscle pump
What is normal blood pressure reading
120/80
Explain term portal circulation
Venous blood passes from digestive system, spleen, pancreas > liver.
Known as hepatic first pass
What does HDL stand for
Role in body
High density lipoprotein
Carries cholesterol from tissues to liver
‘Good cholesterol’
Definition of shock
Reduction in circulating volume, BP and cardiac output resulting in hypoxia of tissues
What is hypovolaemic shock
Blood volume reduced by 15-25%
Blood or liquid could have been lost
4 common symptoms of shock
Tachycardia Hypotension Faint/weak/nausea Dizziness Cold/clammy skin Rapid shallow breathing Cyanosis
What is atherona
Build up fatty deposits/ldl cholesterol
Oxidisation of cholesterol
Development of fibrous cap
2 complications atheroma
Thrombosis
Haemorrhage
Or angina, intermittent claudication
What is arteriosclerosis
Systemic stiffening/hardening arteries
Progressive degeneration arterial walls
Artery walls fibrous, calcified
Loss elasticity especially large/medium arteries increases systolic BP
What is key difference between angina pain and MI pain
Angina eases on rest MI DOESNT
Pathophysiogy MI
Occlusion blood supply to the heart, = hypoxia then tissue necrosis
Cause - atherosclerosis, embolism
4 symptoms of MI
Severe chest pain more than 20 mins NOT IMPROVING on rest
Dyspnoea syncope fatigue
Feeling of impending doom
Pale clammy skin
2 types stroke and difference
Ischaemic - most common. Occlusion of BV to brain results in hypoxia
Haemorrhagic BV in brain ruptures causing brain damage
What is TIA
Transient ischeamic attack
Caused by microembolism in brain
What is aneurysm
Swelling of artery due to weakness in wall
3 factors may dispose you to DVT
REDUCED BLOOD FLOW
CHANGES IN BLOOD
DAMAGE TO BV WALL
What is complication of DVT
Pulmonary embolism
What cause varicose veins
Incompetent valves in vein
1 poss cause oesophageal varies
Portal hypertension - liver cirrhosis
Right sided heart failure
What is advises
Accumulation fluid peritoneal cavity
Give 3 complications hypertension
Retinal bleeding Cerebral oedema Renal disease Aneurysm Left ventricle failure - lung congestion Right ventricle failure - oedema Stroke
1 cause 1 symptom right sided heart failure
Increased vascular resistance in lungs
Back pressure from L side of heart
Previous MI
Systemic oedema, ascites
What does stenosis
Narrowing of an orifice
What does tachycardia mean
Fast heart rate over 100
What is endocarditis
Inflammation inner layer of heart - endocardium, most commonly affecting heart valves
4 symptoms of endocarditis
Fever/chills New heart murmur Fatigue Aching joints/muscles Night sweats Shortness breath Paleness Persistent cough Oedema - feet, legs, abdomen Weight loss Blood in urine Tender spleen Oslers nodes Petechia
Describe chest pain pericarditis what makes it better/worse
Chest pain radiating to back
Better sitting up forward
Worse lying down/breathing deeply
1 complication pericarditis
Constructive pericarditis- becomes rigid, stops heart working properly
Cardiac tamponade too much fluid collects pericardium, stops heart working properly
2 key differences structure arteries veins
Veins thinner walls, bigger lumen, valves
what are anastomoses
Arteries linking main arteries - provide collateral circulation
2 differences capillaries sinusoids
Sinusoids wider larger pores
Which blood vessels are mainly responsible for providing resistance to flow of blood
Arteriolar
Where is endocardium
Lining inside heart
Which side of heart pumps deoxygenated blood
Right
