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Cardiovascular 1 > Intro/Blood > Flashcards

Intro/Blood Flashcards

0
Q

Blood is a fluid type of —- tissue

A

Connective

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1
Q

4 parts cardiovascular system

A

Heart
Blood vessels
Blood
Lymphatic system

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2
Q

What is the % ratio of plasma to cells in blood

A

55% plasma 45% cells

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3
Q

How much of body weight is blood

A

7%

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4
Q

How much blood in litres is in an average adult male/female

A

Male 5.6L

Female - 4.5L

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5
Q

Blood is always in ——

A

Motion

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6
Q

What is plasma

A

Fluid portion of blood in which particulate components are suspended

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7
Q

Best natural alternative to plasma

A

Coconut water

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8
Q

Functions of blood
Homeostasis
Communication
Transport

A 
O2 to tissues from lungs
CO2 to lungs from tissues
Nutrient transport to cells/elimination organs
Disperses heat
Hormones to their target
Antibodies to infection
Clotting factors to heal broken tissues
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9
Q

What does sugar do to blood vessels

A

Damages - creates friction-creates immune response - creates blockages

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10
Q

Main constituents of plasma

A

91% water
7% proteins
.9% mineral salts

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11
Q

What is serum

A

Plasma without clotting factors

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12
Q

3 types protein in blood

A

Albumin
Globulins
Clotting factors - fibrinogen

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13
Q

Which protein is mostly found in blood (60%)

A

Albumin

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14
Q

Function of albumin

A

Maintains osmotic pressure

Carrier molecules for fatty acids, some drugs & steroid hormones

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15
Q

Examples of steroid hormones in body

A

Cortisol

Adrenalin

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16
Q

Function of globulins in body

A

Immunoglobulins are antibodies - immunity
Transport - hormones, mineral salts/ions
Inactivation of some enzymes

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17
Q

Function of fibrinogen

A

Essential for blood clotting

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18
Q

Blood is a fluid type of —- tissue

A

Connective

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19
Q

What is the % ratio of plasma to cells in blood

A

55% plasma 45% cells

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20
Q

How much of body weight is blood

A

7%

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21
Q

How much blood in litres is in an average adult male/female

A

Male 5.6L

Female - 4.5L

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22
Q

Blood is always in ——

A

Motion

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23
Q

What is plasma

A

Fluid portion of blood in which particulate components are suspended

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24
Q

Best natural alternative to plasma

A

Coconut water

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25
Q

Functions of blood
Homeostasis
Communication
Transport

A 
O2 to tissues from lungs
CO2 to lungs from tissues
Nutrient transport to cells/elimination organs
Disperses heat
Hormones to their target
Antibodies to infection
Clotting factors to heal broken tissues
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26
Q

What does sugar do to blood vessels

A

Damages - creates friction-creates immune response - creates blockages

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27
Q

Main constituents of plasma

A

91% water
7% proteins
.9% mineral salts

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28
Q

What is serum

A

Plasma without clotting factors

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29
Q

3 types protein in blood

A

Albumin
Globulins
Clotting factors - fibrinogen

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30
Q

Which protein is mostly found in blood (60%)

A

Albumin

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31
Q

Function of albumin

A

Carrier of substances (lipids, steroid hormones)

Maintains osmotic pressure

32
Q

Examples of steroid hormones in body

A

Cortisol

Adrenalin

33
Q

Function of globulins in body

A

Immunity - antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Transport - hormones, mineral salts/ions
Inactivation of some enzymes

34
Q

Function of fibrinogen

A

Essential for blood clotting

35
Q

Nutrients in blood made up of

A 
Carbohydrates (sugars) - glucose
Amino acids
Fats/oils
Vitamins
Minerals/ions
36
Q

Organic waste in blood made up of

A

Urea
Creatinine
Uric acid

Carbon dioxide

37
Q

How do urea, creatinine & Utica acid get into blood

A

Produced from breakdown of proteins/amino acids

38
Q

Hormones in blood are

A

Chemical messengers carried by blood to the target cells/tissues

39
Q

What are enzymes in blood

A

Catalysts for biochemical reactions in body

40
Q

3 types blood cell

A

Erythrocyte- transport gases
Leukocyte - defence & repair
Thrombocytes- platelets for clotting

41
Q

Blood production known as

A

Haematopoiesis

42
Q

All blood cells originate from

A

Pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow

43
Q

In first few years all bone marrow is

A

Red

44
Q

In adults bone marrow is found only in

A

Spongy bone

45
Q

Lifecycle of erythrocytes from pluripotent stem cell

A

Proerythroblast
Erythroblast
Reiticulocyte
Erythrocyte

46
Q

Lifecycle of thrombocyte (platelet) from pluripotent stem cell

A

Megakaryoblast
Megakaryocyte
Thrombocyte

47
Q

Two types Leukocytes

A

Granulocytes (70%)

Agranulocytes ((30%)

48
Q

Lifecycle of granulocytes from pluripotent stem cells

A

Myeloblast
Basophil myelocyte > basophil
Eosinophil myelocyte >eosinophil
neutrophil myelocyte > neutrophil

49
Q

Lifecycle of agranulocytes from pluripotent stem cells

A

Monoblast monocyte

Lymphoblast, lymphocyte, t-lymphocyte & b-lymphocyte

50
Q

Lifespan of erythrocytes

A

90-120 days

51
Q

Unique shape of erythrocyte

A

Bioconcave

Non-uncleared - larger surface area to transport more oxygen

52
Q

Size of erythrocyte

A

Approx 6-8 micrometers n diameter

53
Q

What type of molecules are erythrocytes made up of

A

Haemoglobin

54
Q

How many oxygen molecules can each haemoglobin molecule carry

A

4, as consist of 4 globin (protein) molecules

55
Q

Formation of red boos cells called

A

Erythropoisis

In red bone marrow

56
Q

How do erythrocytes change in structure as they mature

A

Immature erythrocytes have nuclei & organelles that they lose as they mature - more room for transportation!

57
Q

What nutrients are required for erythropoietin

A 
Vitamins
B12
B9 (folic acid)
C
Iron
58
Q

How might a deficiency of nutrients required for erythropoiesis be masked

A

By an excess of another

Why we need blood tests for anaemia

59
Q

What is hypoxia

A

Low O2 levels

60
Q

What effect does hypoxia have on erythropoiesis

A

Hypoxia stimulates secretion of hormone erythropoietin (via kidneys) which stimulates erythropoiesis in bone marrow until normal blood O2 levels are restored - negative feedback

61
Q

Why do some athletes train at high altitude

A

To make more red blood cells (by stimulating erythropoiesis via hypoxia) so to be more efficient

62
Q

Causes of hypoxia

A

High altitude
Haemolysis
Excessive blood loss
Pregnancy

63
Q

What is excessive erythrocyte breakdown known as

A

Haemolysis

64
Q 
Describe receptors
Input
Control centre
Output
Effectors in negative feedback loop hypoxia > erythropoiesis
A

Receptors: kidneys
Input: increased erythropoietin secreted
control centre: red bone marrow - proerythroblasts mature more quickly into reticulocytes
Output: more reticulocytes enter circulating blood
Effectors: more ERYTHROCYTES in blood

65
Q

Breaking down of erythrocytes (and partial recycling) called

A

Haemolysis

66
Q

Healthy erythrocytes live for how many days

A

90-120

67
Q

What % of human erythrocytes breakdown each day

A

1%

68
Q

which type of phagocytic cells carry out haemolysis of erythrocytes

A

macrophages

69
Q

where are macrophages mostly found

A

SPLEEN

bone marrow & liver

70
Q

what is spleen known as

A

graveyard for old/damaged RBCs

71
Q

4 portions of Erythrocytes which are recycled

A

Haemoglobin splits into Haem & globin
Globin amino acids are recycled
IRON is recycled
Bilirubin transported to liver, extreted as part of BILE

72
Q

What is the Haem and Globin constituent of haemoglobin

A

haem - iron

globin - proteins

73
Q

journey of globin during haemolysis of erythrocytes

A

broken into amino acids

reused for protein synthesis

74
Q

Journey of iron (Fe3+) component of Haem during haemolysis

A

becomes ferritin in liver, recycled to make new erythrocytes in erythropoiesis in bone marrow

75
Q

journey of biliverdin component of haem during haemolysis

A

becomes bilirubin in liver, excreted as part of BILE

76
Q

How is carbon dioxide carried around - as what in what

A

Bicarbonate ions dissolved in plasma

77
Q

In adults haemopoiesis is restricted to where

A

Flat, irregular bones and epiphyses of long bones

Mostly sternum, ribs, pelvis skull

Cardiovascular 1 (15 decks)

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