Pathologies 1 Flashcards
high cholesterol known as
hypercholesterolaemia
High BP known as
hypertension
Causes hypertension
hereditary age hypertension diabetes smoking sedentary lifestyle diet excessive alcohol
allopathic treatment hypercholesterolaemia
Statins forever!
Side effects statins
include - insomnia dizziness fatigue headaches liver damage gastrointestinal effects erectile dysfunction etc etc
Alternative treatment hypercholesterolaemia
treat cause - BODY ELEVATES CHOLESTEROL FOR A REASON
diet & Lifestyle!
Nutrition - fibre, EFAs, B3, garlic onions
Herbs - hawthorn, globe artichoke, garlic
Exercise
what cereal is amazing for high cholesterol
oats
two types of BV sclerosis
Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
What is Arteriosclerosis
SYSTEMIC stiffening of Arteries
the whole length, throughout
can’t expand/contract
What is Atherosclerosis
1 place of artery wall thickens/hardens
result of build up fatty deposits
what could fatty deposits be in atherosclerosis
cholesterol
fibrous & calcium deposits
if a BV is v narrow in 1 place it’s known as
Atheroma
Which mineral is great for relaxing BVs in Arteriosclerosis
Magnesium
In Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis the progressive degeneration of the arterial walls increases
BP and Pulse pressure
What are the build up of fatty deposits in Atherosclerosis known as
Atherosclerotic plaque
What term describes chances of survival from a disease
morbidity
What term describes chance of death from a disease
mortality
What is leading cause if morbidity and mortality in the US and most developed countries
Atherosclerosis
Which BVs does Arteriosclerosis afftect
All LARGE & Medium arteries
inc coronary, carotid, cerebral, aorta & major arteries of extremeties
Describe pathophysiology of Arteriosclerosis
Damage to BV wall - inflammation = more permeability/migration of phagocytes
LDL builds up in area
Lipids & proteins oxidise & bind to sugars
a cap is formed over plaque to wall off from blood
causes/risks arteriosclerosis
hereditary gender age hypertension diabetes obesity smoking stress sedentary lifestyle bad diet excessive alcohol
3 poss complications Arteriosclerosis
Thrombosis
Embolism
Haemorrhage
define thrombosis
intravascular blood clot (in BVs) forms and stays put
define embolism
embolus travels through blood and forms blockage
mobile blood clot known as
embolus
define haemorrhage
like picking a scab
due to calcified plaques
brittle, rigid arteries
difference in terms atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis
arteriosclerosis specific type arteriosclerosis but often terms confused
signs/symptoms arteriosclerosis
Angina pectoris- ischaemic heart pain (from thrombosis & embolism)
intermittent claudication - ischaemic lower limb pain (from thrombosis)
Stroke - (from thrombosis, embolism & haemorrhage)
What is the disease that leads to the most amputations in this country
diabetes
Complications Atherosclerosis
gangrene
senile dementia
stroke
Allopathic treatment Arteriosclerosis
Surgery
stents
statins
Alternative treatment Arteriosclerosis
Reduce cholesterol (if indicated)
antioxidants
diet//lifestyle
exercise
Nutrition - antioxidants, fruit, veg, non-animal foods, EFAs vit E
Herbs - motherwort, garlic, globe artichoke
exercise
What is Angina Pectoris
Ischaemic heart disease due to obstruction or spasm of coronary arteries
Not cardiac arrest or heart attack (myocardial infarction) but may precede
Ischemia definition
vascular disease involving interruption in arterial blood supply to tissue, organ or extremity. If untreated can lead to death.
Causes of Ischaemia
Embolism
thrombisis
atherosclerosis
trauma
What triggers angina pectoris
physical exercise
Signs/symptoms Angina pectoris
heavy/tight/gripping chest pains centrally/retrosternally EASES ON REST Dyspnoea pain in arm/jaw nausea sweating
Medical term for breathlessness
Dyspnoea
Allopathic treatment Angina pectoris
Nitro-glycerine sublingually
reduces BP
Alternative treatment Angina Pectoris
Nutrition/herbs to thin blood - EFAs, vit E, turmeric, gingko, garlic, cayenne, motherwort heart support homeopathy ozone therapy exercise
which vitamin is a v strong antioxidant
E
which herb helps to dilate BVs
ginkgo
Stroke also known as
cerebrovascular accident
2 types stroke
ischaemic
hemorrhagic
Which type of stroke accounts for 80% of all strokes
Ischaemic
What happens in an ischaemic stroke
BV blocked by thrombus/embolus
blood supply to portion of brain becomes blocked and stops functioning.
Eventually causes tissue death.
Which type of stroke has a better survival rate
Ischaemic
What is an infarction
tissue death due to lack of oxygen-rich blood
another term for BLOCKAGE (BVs)
occlusion
another term for rupture (BVs)
Hemorrhage
4 mins of Ischaemia causes what
irreversible cell damage
What % of strokes are hemorrhagic
20
What is the death rate for hemorrhagic strokes
50%
What happens in a hemorrhagic stroke
BVs rupture (ANEURYSM) casing brain damage
what does TIA stand for
transient ischaemic accidents
what happens in a TIA
temporary reduction of blood flow
can be warning sign for full stroke
What could cause a stroke
Hypertension
Atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis
what does the contraceptive pill increase your chances of
thrombosis
signs/symptoms of stroke
SUDDEN weakness numbness/tingling loss of speech or comprehension confusion loss of vision sudden severe headaches unsteadinessBulge lopsidedness
Why does a stroke victim need a brainscan asap
to determine which type of stroke > treatment they need
coagulate blood or thin
how are strokes diagnosed
CT/MRI scan
allopathic treatment stroke
Hospital
reduce inflammation
increase collateral circulation
Alternative SUPPORT stroke
Nutrition & Herbs to thin blood EFAs vit E turmeric ginkgo garlic cayenne homeopathy ozone therapy exercise
Stroke prognosis
Depends on severity/location
death/paralysis/transient problems
what is a TIA also known as
a mini stroke
causes of TIA
micro-embolism
Risk factors TIA
Hyertension
antherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis
Signs/symptoms TIA
transient impaired functions resolves in 24 hrs
depends on area of brain affected
What is an Aneurysm
bulge in BV caused by a weakness in its wall
where can aneurysms develop
Any BV in body but most commonly
abdominal aorta & brain
what does AAA stand for
Aortic Asymptomatic Aneurysm
signs/symptoms aortic aneurysm
asymptomatic
what happens if Aortic Aneurysm bursts
usually fatal.
8/10 die
how AAA diagnosed
ultrasound
allopathic treatment AAA
depends size/severity
monitored
alternative support aneurysm
preventative!
herbs/nutrition - Vit C, E, EFAs, magnesium, high fibre, no sugar
connective tissue support - collagen
Complications Aneurysm
Rupture & hemorrhage
micro-aneurysms could cause reoccurring small strokes depending on where they are in body
thrombosis/embolism from damaged endothelium
What is DVT
Deep vein thrombosis
thrombus forms in a DEEP vein - usually legs
causes DVT
micro-embolism
Risk factors DVT
reduced blood flow
changes in blood
damage to BV wall
Risk factors DVT, what could cause reduced blood flow
immobility (age, post surgery)
pressure on vein by tumour
shock
long haul flights
Risk factors DVT, what causes changes in blood
dehydration
polycythemia
sticky platelets (oral contraceptive)
What is polycythemia
too many blood cells
signs/symptoms DVT
may be accompanied by PAIN (heavy ache/tenderness to touch) and swelling of lower limb
usually ASYMPTOMATIC as deeper
treatment DVT
total rest! don’t want clot to go to heart/brain
hospital
blood thinners
alternative support DVT
preventative!
Thin blood - EFAs, vit E, ginkgo, garlic
hydration!
Homeopathy
complications DVT
Pulmonary Embolism
Stroke etc
What is THROMBOPHLEBITIS
superficial vein thrombosis
signs/symptoms thrombophlebitis
hard, read, painful area above superficial vein
vein may be palpabe
What causes varicose veins
incompetent valves = pooling/backflow of venous blood
& chronically dilated veins
signs/symptoms varicose veins
aching/fatigue of leg
distended blue veins
complications varicose veins
hemorrhage
varicose ulcers
alternative treatment varicose veins
daily leg elevation exercise compression hydrotherapy horse chestnut topically & internally homeopathy
what are haemorrhoids
swelling/inflammation veins in rectum/anus
causes haemorroids
constipation straining during bowel movements hypertension/portal hypertension obesity pregnancy/childbirth
signs/symptoms haemorrhoids
may be asymptomatic
bright red blood in poo/loo roll
protruding haemorrhoids - pain/itching
allopathic treatment varicose veins/haemorrhoids/scrotal varicocele
surgery
alternative support haemorrhoids
horse chestnut
exercise
homeopathy - hamamelis
what is a varicocele
enlarged veins in scrotum
causes scrotal varicocele
1 idiopathic - venous valves along spermatic cord son’t work properly
2 secondary - compression of venous drainage of testicle, tumour?
when might a pelvic/abdominal malignancy be suspected with scrotal varicocele
when SV is newly diagnosed in patient older than 40
signs/symptoms scrotal varicocele
dragging/aching pain in scrotum
heaviness in testicles
atrophy of testicles
visible/palpable enlarge vein
definition of atrophy
wasting away or decline in effectiveness
alternative treatment scrotal varicocele
treat cause
horse-chesnut
complications scrotal varicocele
infertility (increased temp)
testicular atrophy
what are oesophageal varices
varicose veins of oesophagus
which systems within body is the oesophagus situated
digestive
portal circulation system
causes Oesophageal varices
portal hypertension (liver cirrhosis) right sided heart failure
describe liver cirrhosis
liver loses function/gets congested becomes fibrous alcohol linked or hepititis or genetic
signs/symptoms oesophageal varices
slight bleeding (occult blood in stool) aneamia - iron deficiency
occult blood in stool is -
hidden blood in stool
complications oesophageal varices
rupture
bleeding
anaemia
treatment - oesophageal varices
cause!
