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Cardiovascular 1 > Pathologies 1 > Flashcards

Pathologies 1 Flashcards

1
Q

high cholesterol known as

A

hypercholesterolaemia

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2
Q

High BP known as

A

hypertension

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3
Q

Causes hypertension

A 
hereditary
age
hypertension
diabetes
smoking sedentary lifestyle
diet
excessive alcohol
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4
Q

allopathic treatment hypercholesterolaemia

A

Statins forever!

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5
Q

Side effects statins

A 
include - insomnia
dizziness
fatigue
headaches
liver damage
gastrointestinal effects
erectile dysfunction etc etc
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6
Q

Alternative treatment hypercholesterolaemia

A

treat cause - BODY ELEVATES CHOLESTEROL FOR A REASON
diet & Lifestyle!
Nutrition - fibre, EFAs, B3, garlic onions
Herbs - hawthorn, globe artichoke, garlic
Exercise

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7
Q

what cereal is amazing for high cholesterol

A

oats

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8
Q

two types of BV sclerosis

A

Arteriosclerosis

Atherosclerosis

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9
Q

What is Arteriosclerosis

A

SYSTEMIC stiffening of Arteries
the whole length, throughout
can’t expand/contract

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10
Q

What is Atherosclerosis

A

1 place of artery wall thickens/hardens

result of build up fatty deposits

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11
Q

what could fatty deposits be in atherosclerosis

A

cholesterol

fibrous & calcium deposits

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12
Q

if a BV is v narrow in 1 place it’s known as

A

Atheroma

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13
Q

Which mineral is great for relaxing BVs in Arteriosclerosis

A

Magnesium

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14
Q

In Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis the progressive degeneration of the arterial walls increases

A

BP and Pulse pressure

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15
Q

What are the build up of fatty deposits in Atherosclerosis known as

A

Atherosclerotic plaque

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16
Q

What term describes chances of survival from a disease

A

morbidity

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17
Q

What term describes chance of death from a disease

A

mortality

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18
Q

What is leading cause if morbidity and mortality in the US and most developed countries

A

Atherosclerosis

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19
Q

Which BVs does Arteriosclerosis afftect

A

All LARGE & Medium arteries

inc coronary, carotid, cerebral, aorta & major arteries of extremeties

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20
Q

Describe pathophysiology of Arteriosclerosis

A

Damage to BV wall - inflammation = more permeability/migration of phagocytes
LDL builds up in area
Lipids & proteins oxidise & bind to sugars
a cap is formed over plaque to wall off from blood

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21
Q

causes/risks arteriosclerosis

A 
hereditary
gender
age
hypertension
diabetes
obesity
smoking
stress
sedentary lifestyle
bad diet
excessive alcohol
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22
Q

3 poss complications Arteriosclerosis

A

Thrombosis
Embolism
Haemorrhage

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23
Q

define thrombosis

A

intravascular blood clot (in BVs) forms and stays put

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24
Q

define embolism

A

embolus travels through blood and forms blockage

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25
Q

mobile blood clot known as

A

embolus

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26
Q

define haemorrhage

A

like picking a scab
due to calcified plaques
brittle, rigid arteries

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27
Q

difference in terms atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis

A

arteriosclerosis specific type arteriosclerosis but often terms confused

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28
Q

signs/symptoms arteriosclerosis

A

Angina pectoris- ischaemic heart pain (from thrombosis & embolism)
intermittent claudication - ischaemic lower limb pain (from thrombosis)
Stroke - (from thrombosis, embolism & haemorrhage)

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29
Q

What is the disease that leads to the most amputations in this country

A

diabetes

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30
Q

Complications Atherosclerosis

A

gangrene
senile dementia
stroke

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31
Q

Allopathic treatment Arteriosclerosis

A

Surgery
stents
statins

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32
Q

Alternative treatment Arteriosclerosis

A

Reduce cholesterol (if indicated)
antioxidants
diet//lifestyle
exercise
Nutrition - antioxidants, fruit, veg, non-animal foods, EFAs vit E
Herbs - motherwort, garlic, globe artichoke
exercise

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33
Q

What is Angina Pectoris

A

Ischaemic heart disease due to obstruction or spasm of coronary arteries
Not cardiac arrest or heart attack (myocardial infarction) but may precede

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34
Q

Ischemia definition

A

vascular disease involving interruption in arterial blood supply to tissue, organ or extremity. If untreated can lead to death.

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35
Q

Causes of Ischaemia

A

Embolism
thrombisis
atherosclerosis
trauma

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36
Q

What triggers angina pectoris

A

physical exercise

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37
Q

Signs/symptoms Angina pectoris

A 
heavy/tight/gripping chest pains centrally/retrosternally
EASES ON REST
Dyspnoea
pain in arm/jaw
nausea
sweating
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38
Q

Medical term for breathlessness

A

Dyspnoea

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39
Q

Allopathic treatment Angina pectoris

A

Nitro-glycerine sublingually

reduces BP

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40
Q

Alternative treatment Angina Pectoris

A 
Nutrition/herbs to thin blood - EFAs, vit E, turmeric, gingko, garlic, cayenne, 
motherwort heart support
homeopathy
ozone therapy
exercise
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41
Q

which vitamin is a v strong antioxidant

A

E

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42
Q

which herb helps to dilate BVs

A

ginkgo

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43
Q

Stroke also known as

A

cerebrovascular accident

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44
Q

2 types stroke

A

ischaemic

hemorrhagic

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45
Q

Which type of stroke accounts for 80% of all strokes

A

Ischaemic

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46
Q

What happens in an ischaemic stroke

A

BV blocked by thrombus/embolus
blood supply to portion of brain becomes blocked and stops functioning.
Eventually causes tissue death.

47
Q

Which type of stroke has a better survival rate

A

Ischaemic

48
Q

What is an infarction

A

tissue death due to lack of oxygen-rich blood

49
Q

another term for BLOCKAGE (BVs)

A

occlusion

50
Q

another term for rupture (BVs)

A

Hemorrhage

51
Q

4 mins of Ischaemia causes what

A

irreversible cell damage

52
Q

What % of strokes are hemorrhagic

A

20

53
Q

What is the death rate for hemorrhagic strokes

A

50%

54
Q

What happens in a hemorrhagic stroke

A

BVs rupture (ANEURYSM) casing brain damage

55
Q

what does TIA stand for

A

transient ischaemic accidents

56
Q

what happens in a TIA

A

temporary reduction of blood flow

can be warning sign for full stroke

57
Q

What could cause a stroke

A

Hypertension

Atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis

58
Q

what does the contraceptive pill increase your chances of

A

thrombosis

59
Q

signs/symptoms of stroke

A 
SUDDEN weakness
numbness/tingling
loss of speech or comprehension
confusion
loss of vision
sudden severe headaches
unsteadinessBulge
lopsidedness
60
Q

Why does a stroke victim need a brainscan asap

A

to determine which type of stroke > treatment they need

coagulate blood or thin

61
Q

how are strokes diagnosed

A

CT/MRI scan

62
Q

allopathic treatment stroke

A

Hospital
reduce inflammation
increase collateral circulation

63
Q

Alternative SUPPORT stroke

A 
Nutrition & Herbs to thin blood
EFAs
vit E
turmeric
ginkgo
garlic
cayenne
homeopathy
ozone therapy
exercise
64
Q

Stroke prognosis

A

Depends on severity/location

death/paralysis/transient problems

65
Q

what is a TIA also known as

A

a mini stroke

66
Q

causes of TIA

A

micro-embolism

67
Q

Risk factors TIA

A

Hyertension

antherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis

68
Q

Signs/symptoms TIA

A

transient impaired functions resolves in 24 hrs

depends on area of brain affected

69
Q

What is an Aneurysm

A

bulge in BV caused by a weakness in its wall

70
Q

where can aneurysms develop

A

Any BV in body but most commonly

abdominal aorta & brain

71
Q

what does AAA stand for

A

Aortic Asymptomatic Aneurysm

72
Q

signs/symptoms aortic aneurysm

A

asymptomatic

73
Q

what happens if Aortic Aneurysm bursts

A

usually fatal.

8/10 die

74
Q

how AAA diagnosed

A

ultrasound

75
Q

allopathic treatment AAA

A

depends size/severity

monitored

76
Q

alternative support aneurysm

A

preventative!
herbs/nutrition - Vit C, E, EFAs, magnesium, high fibre, no sugar
connective tissue support - collagen

77
Q

Complications Aneurysm

A

Rupture & hemorrhage
micro-aneurysms could cause reoccurring small strokes depending on where they are in body
thrombosis/embolism from damaged endothelium

78
Q

What is DVT

A

Deep vein thrombosis

thrombus forms in a DEEP vein - usually legs

79
Q

causes DVT

A

micro-embolism

80
Q

Risk factors DVT

A

reduced blood flow
changes in blood
damage to BV wall

81
Q

Risk factors DVT, what could cause reduced blood flow

A

immobility (age, post surgery)
pressure on vein by tumour
shock
long haul flights

82
Q

Risk factors DVT, what causes changes in blood

A

dehydration
polycythemia
sticky platelets (oral contraceptive)

83
Q

What is polycythemia

A

too many blood cells

84
Q

signs/symptoms DVT

A

may be accompanied by PAIN (heavy ache/tenderness to touch) and swelling of lower limb
usually ASYMPTOMATIC as deeper

85
Q

treatment DVT

A

total rest! don’t want clot to go to heart/brain
hospital
blood thinners

86
Q

alternative support DVT

A

preventative!
Thin blood - EFAs, vit E, ginkgo, garlic
hydration!
Homeopathy

87
Q

complications DVT

A

Pulmonary Embolism

Stroke etc

88
Q

What is THROMBOPHLEBITIS

A

superficial vein thrombosis

89
Q

signs/symptoms thrombophlebitis

A

hard, read, painful area above superficial vein

vein may be palpabe

90
Q

What causes varicose veins

A

incompetent valves = pooling/backflow of venous blood

& chronically dilated veins

91
Q

signs/symptoms varicose veins

A

aching/fatigue of leg

distended blue veins

92
Q

complications varicose veins

A

hemorrhage

varicose ulcers

93
Q

alternative treatment varicose veins

A 
daily leg elevation
exercise
compression
hydrotherapy
horse chestnut topically & internally
homeopathy
94
Q

what are haemorrhoids

A

swelling/inflammation veins in rectum/anus

95
Q

causes haemorroids

A 
constipation
straining during bowel movements
hypertension/portal hypertension
obesity
pregnancy/childbirth
96
Q

signs/symptoms haemorrhoids

A

may be asymptomatic
bright red blood in poo/loo roll
protruding haemorrhoids - pain/itching

97
Q

allopathic treatment varicose veins/haemorrhoids/scrotal varicocele

A

surgery

98
Q

alternative support haemorrhoids

A

horse chestnut
exercise
homeopathy - hamamelis

99
Q

what is a varicocele

A

enlarged veins in scrotum

100
Q

causes scrotal varicocele

A

1 idiopathic - venous valves along spermatic cord son’t work properly
2 secondary - compression of venous drainage of testicle, tumour?

101
Q

when might a pelvic/abdominal malignancy be suspected with scrotal varicocele

A

when SV is newly diagnosed in patient older than 40

102
Q

signs/symptoms scrotal varicocele

A

dragging/aching pain in scrotum
heaviness in testicles
atrophy of testicles
visible/palpable enlarge vein

103
Q

definition of atrophy

A

wasting away or decline in effectiveness

104
Q

alternative treatment scrotal varicocele

A

treat cause

horse-chesnut

105
Q

complications scrotal varicocele

A

infertility (increased temp)

testicular atrophy

106
Q

what are oesophageal varices

A

varicose veins of oesophagus

107
Q

which systems within body is the oesophagus situated

A

digestive

portal circulation system

108
Q

causes Oesophageal varices

A 
portal hypertension (liver cirrhosis)
right sided heart failure
109
Q

describe liver cirrhosis

A 
liver loses function/gets congested
becomes fibrous
alcohol linked
or hepititis
or genetic
110
Q

signs/symptoms oesophageal varices

A 
slight bleeding (occult blood in stool)
aneamia - iron deficiency
111
Q

occult blood in stool is -

A

hidden blood in stool

112
Q

complications oesophageal varices

A

rupture
bleeding
anaemia

113
Q

treatment - oesophageal varices

A

cause!

Cardiovascular 1 (15 decks)

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