Pathologies 2 Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
What is Raynaud’s Syndrome
A
intermittent ischeamia in extremeties (peripheral BVs)
2
Q
Raynaud’s Syndrome most commonly affects who
A
women 30-40
3
Q
causes/triggers Raynaud’s Syndrome
A
extreme temperature
emotional stimuli
4
Q
signs/symptoms Raynaud’s sydrome
A
VASO-SPASMING causes
PAINFUL PALE COLD extremeties
5
Q
Treatment Raynaud’s Syndrome
A
No stress exercise regularly keep warm stop smoking homeopathy herbs - ginger, gingko, capiscum
6
Q
What is oedema
A
Excess tissue fluid build-up causing swelling
water retention
7
Q
pathophysiology oedema
A
increased venous hydrostatic pressure
veins not building, water builds up, transfers out to surrounding tissue
8
Q
triggers oedema
A
heart failure kidney disease external pressure on limb impaired lymphatic drainage increased small vessel permeability (leaky) pregnancy injury some medications
9
Q
signs/symptoms oedema
A
skin discolouration hold imprint (pitting oedema) aching tender limbs stiff joints raised BP & pulse
10
Q
Complementary treatment oedema
A
Treat cause! Exercise/lose weight raise legs, lymphatic drainage massage herbs - nettle, dandelion
11
Q
What is ascites
A
accumulation fluid in peritoneum, abdominal cavity
12
Q
causes ascites
A
cirrhosis heart failure constrictive pericarditis cancer tuberculosis
13
Q
What is constrictive pericarditis
A
thickened fibrotic pericardium - restricts heart expansion
14
Q
signs/symptoms ascites
A
may be asymptomatic
abdominal pain/bloating
shortness breath
15
Q
complementary treatment ascites
A
CAUSE!
no alcohol/salt
diuretics herbs homeopathy
16
Q
What is classed as hypertension at the Docs and what number is definitely a problem!
A
135/85mmHg or higher
over 200 defo problem!
17
Q
2 types hypertension
A
primary - over 90%
secondary - result kidney damage/hormone problems (adrenal, thyroid)
18
Q
why would damaged kidneys lead to hypertension
A
damaged kidneys release vasoconstrictors
19
Q
causes hypertension
A
inherited
obesity/lack exercise
alcohol/smoking
20
Q
signs/symptoms hypertension
A
none - silent killer
21
Q
complementary treatment hypertension
A
diet, ex, lifestyle, lose wight avoid salt*, caffeine, stress magnesium, vit C, B6,9 & 12 massage, acupuncture herbs - hawthorn, dandelion
22
Q
complications hypertension
A
cardiovascular events chronic kidney disease (CKD) cognitive decline premature death retinal bleeding cerebral oedema renal disease aneurysm heart failure stroke
23
Q
two types heart failure blood pooling
A
left ventricle failure - blood pools in lungs as nowhere to go back to
right ventricle failure - blood pools in tissues/body as nowhere to go back to
(acute/chronic)
24
Q
hypotension is what
A
low BP - under 90/60mmHg
leads to inadequate blood supply to the brain
25
what is postural hypotension syncope
fainting after standing too quickly
| due to delayed response of the baroreceptors to the change in BP on standing
26
causes hypotension
shock
adrenal fatigue
genetics
27
signs/symptoms
unsteadiness/dizziness
| light-headedness/fainting
28
complementary treatment hypotension
if required - hydration, salt
smaller meals more often, dry skin brushing
treat adrenal fatigue
29
why take (good) salts for hypotension
to increase blood volume,
| ensures water stays in, not weed out
30
what is heart failure
heart fails to pump sufficient blood around body at the right pressure - fails to circulate sufficient blood to meet the needs of the body.
31
two types heart failure
acute - SUDDEN decrease in output of blood from heart
chronic - GRADUAL- heart muscle becomes to weak/stiff to work properly (common in old age)
L or R
32
general causes acute heart failure
```
MI
life threatening cardiac arrhythmia
ischaemic damage from atheroma/thrombosis/pulmonary embolism
rupture heart chamber or valve
acute myocarditis
```
33
what is myocarditis
acute inflammation response in heart muscle
34
general causes chronic heart failure
```
degenerative changes with advancing age
chronic hypertension,
valve disease
lung disease
smoking
obesity
anaemia
```
35
general signs/symptoms acute heart failure
```
chest pain radiating to jaw/neck/arms/back
shortness of breath
weakness
lightheaded
feeling impending doom
MEDICAL EMERGENCY
```
36
general signs symptoms chronic heart failure
```
may be asymptomatic
enlarged cardiac muscle
water & salt retention*
vasoconstriction*
* to increase blood volume
```
37
cause RIGHT sided heart failure
```
L heart failure
increased vascular resistance
back pressure from L side (valve probe)
previous heart attack
cannot push blood through lungs
```
38
symptoms RIGHT sided heart failure
```
cannot push blood through lungs - affects liver, spleen, kidneys,
systemic oedema
ascites
portal hypertension
oesophageal varices
```
39
cause left sided heart failure
hypertension
myocardial weakness
valve problems
40
symptoms left sided heart failure
pulmonary oedema
congestion bronchitis
cardiac asthma - coughing
often most severe at night
41
allopathic treatment acute heart failure
```
EMERGENCY
no drinking
]sit
nitro-glycerine sub-lingually
CPR
100mg aspirin
periodic forceful coughs by patient
```
42
what does CPR stand for
caedio pulmonary resuscitation
43
allopathic treatment chronic heart failure
```
depends on cause
lifestyle changes
drugs
devices
surgery
```
44
alternative support chronic heart failure
diet, ex, lifestyle, lose weight
reduce salt*
hydrate
EFAs, vit E, C, turmeric, gingko, garlic
45
What is STENOSIS
narrowing of heart valve opening - usually mitral
causes HEART MURMUR
causes REGURGITATION into previous chamber
46
causes stenosis
hereditary
| infection causing endocartitis/scarring of valve (rheumatic fever/diptheria)
47
all treatment stenosis
TREAT CAUSE
valve repair
treat infection
48
heart attack also known as
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI)
49
pathophysiology MI
occlusion/blockage blood supply to heart
| results in HYPOXIA then NECROSIS
50
Hypoxia definition
oxygen deficiency
51
causes Myocardial infarction
Atherosclerosis/embolism or both
52
signs/symptoms myocardial infarction
```
severe chest pain longer than 20 mins
des not improve on rest
dyspnoea
syncope
fatigue
pale clammy skin
```
53
What else could a Myocardial Infarction be
Andina Pectoris
54
What is term for any disorder of heart rate/rhythm
arrhythmias
55
5 types arrhythmia
```
bradycardia - rate below 60
tachycardia - rate over 100
fibrillation - irregular rhythm/force short blood supply
heart block
cardiac arrest
```
56
2 reasons for bradycardia
physiological - atheletes
| pathological - after infarction (myocardial or cerebral) or with intracranial pressure
57
infarction definition
obstruction of blood supply to tissue or organ, typically from embolus/thrombus causing localised death of tissue
58
what happens in a heart block
electrical impulses to heart disrupted - beats slower
| SAN gets diseased/damaged AVN takes over
59
in relation to a heart block, what is the stroke rate of the AVN
40-60 per minute
| below 35-40bpm = deprives blood flow to organs
60
Can the AVN increase the heart rate in response to exercise, drugs, fever?
Not v well
61
What is the most common cardiac arrhythmia
atrial fibrillation
62
what is atrial fibrillation
quivering/uncoordinated, rapid, small
| local ATRIAL contractions
63
complications with atrial fibrillation
palitations/fainting/chest pain
| may lead to congestive heart failure
64
why does atrial fibrillation significantly increase the risk of stroke
because blood may pool & form clots in poorly contracting atria
65
what is a cardiac arrest
conduction arrest
| occurs when heart develops an arrhythmia causing it to stop
66
is cardiac arrest a heart attack
no but may cause one
67
Treatment Cardiac arrest
CPR for circulatory support until defibrillation
68
what is defibrillation
application of electrical current to reset electrical impulses running through auto-rythmic cells
69
What is endocarditis
inflammation of inner layer of heart & valves
70
when does endocarditis mostly occur
in those with heart defects
71
causes endocarditis
infection
72
signs/symptoms endocartidis
```
fever/chills
paleness
heart murmur
fatigue
aching muscles/joints
night sweats
dyspnoea
persistent cough
swelling in feet/legs/abdomen
wight loss
blood in urine
tenderness in spleen
microbes in blood stream
oslers nodes
petechiae
```
73
what are osler's nodes
red tender spots under skin on finhers
74
what are petechiae
tiny purple/red spots on skin/in mouth/whites of eyes
75
treatment endocarditis
intravenous antibiotics
76
alternaive support endocartitis
herbs & nutrition
| antimicrobials, immune support
77
complications endocarditis
septic embolus causing stroke/damage to other organs
fatal if untreated
damage to heart valves/lining could lead to heart failure
78
what is pericarditis
inflammation of pericardium
79
when does pericarditis mostly occur
in those with heart defects
80
causes pericarditis
```
secondary to - infection
tuberculosis
cancer
heart attack
lupus, R arthritis
trauma
```
81
signs/symptoms pericarditis
```
chest pain - better sitting up, worse lying down/breathing deeply
dyspnoea when reclining
fever
weakness
fatigue
nausea
dry cough
oedema
```
82
allopathic treatment pericarditis
rest
NSAIDs
antibiotics if infection
surgical draining if nec
83
complementary support pericarditis
```
cause
herbs/nutrition
antimicrobials
immune
anti-inflammatory
acupuncture
```
84
complications pericarditis
constrictive pericarditis - permanent thickening/scarring
cardiac tamponade/pericardial effusion - fluid collects in pericardium, puts pressure on heart, stops from properly filling
85
what is shock
reduction in circulating blood volume, BP/cardiac output = hypoxia of tissues
86
5 types of shock
```
hypovolaemic
cardiogenic
septic
neurogenic
anaphylactic shock
```
87
what is hypovolaemic shock
```
blood volume reduced by 15-25%
blood/liquid loss from
haemorrhage
severe burn
vomiting
diarrhoea
organ perforation (bleeding into cavity)
```
88
what is cardiogenic shock
heart muscle can't maintain cardiac output - acute heart disease (MI)
89
what is septic shock
infection = immune/inflammatory response + vasodilation/pooling of blood
90
what is neurogenic shock
loss of sympathetic control on BVs & increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart
= dilation of BVs/brachycardia
= reduced cardiac output, blood pooling, faiting
91
what is anaphylactic shock
```
severe allergic response
= vasodilation
bronchorestriction
reduced venous return
reduced cardiac output
tissue hypoxia
```
92
signs/symptoms shock
hypoxia - cold, clammy, sweating, cyanosis
faint, weak, drowsy, confusion, anxiety
tachycardia, weak pulse, shallow breathing
hypotension
93
physiological changes shock
```
body attempts to counteract by -
vasoconstriction
increased heart rate
water retention
if inefficient = anaerobic respiration
lactic acid build up
acidosis
cellular damage/death
```
94
Treatment shock
```
Medical emergency
lay flat, raise legs, helps restore BP
stop bleeding - pressure on wound/tourniquet
anaphylaxis treatment if nec
no food/drink
keep warm with blankets
losen tight clothing
```
95
what is cyanosis
pale, blue skin & lips
96
7 differential diagnoses chest pain
```
heart disease (angina MI)
pericarditis
pulmonary embolism
oesophageal disease
pneumonia
pneumothorax
pleurisy
```
97
clinical examination for chest pain
```
vital signs
temperature
pulse
BP
respiratory rate
cyanosis
clubbing of nails
heart rhythm
```
98
3 cardiac output-related causes of hypertension
Hypervolemia
Stress (sympathetic activation)
pheochromocytoma - rare adrenal gland tumour increases BP
99
what is hypervolemia
too much fluid in blood
renal disease
pregnancy preeclampsia
etc
100
7 systemic vascular-resistance - related causes of hypertension
```
stress
atherosclerosis
renal artery disease
pheochromocytoma
thyroid disfunction
diabetes
cerebral ischeamia
```
101
narrowing of valve opening known as -
stenosis
