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Cardiovascular 1 > Pathologies 2 > Flashcards

Pathologies 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Raynaud’s Syndrome

A

intermittent ischeamia in extremeties (peripheral BVs)

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2
Q

Raynaud’s Syndrome most commonly affects who

A

women 30-40

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3
Q

causes/triggers Raynaud’s Syndrome

A

extreme temperature

emotional stimuli

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4
Q

signs/symptoms Raynaud’s sydrome

A

VASO-SPASMING causes

PAINFUL PALE COLD extremeties

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5
Q

Treatment Raynaud’s Syndrome

A 
No stress
exercise regularly
keep warm
stop smoking
homeopathy
herbs - ginger, gingko, capiscum
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6
Q

What is oedema

A

Excess tissue fluid build-up causing swelling

water retention

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7
Q

pathophysiology oedema

A

increased venous hydrostatic pressure

veins not building, water builds up, transfers out to surrounding tissue

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8
Q

triggers oedema

A 
heart failure
kidney disease
external pressure on limb
impaired lymphatic drainage
increased small vessel permeability (leaky)
pregnancy
injury
some medications
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9
Q

signs/symptoms oedema

A 
skin discolouration
hold imprint (pitting oedema)
aching
tender limbs
stiff joints
raised BP & pulse
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10
Q

Complementary treatment oedema

A 
Treat cause! Exercise/lose weight
raise legs, 
lymphatic drainage
massage
herbs - nettle, dandelion
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11
Q

What is ascites

A

accumulation fluid in peritoneum, abdominal cavity

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12
Q

causes ascites

A 
cirrhosis
heart failure
constrictive pericarditis
cancer
tuberculosis
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13
Q

What is constrictive pericarditis

A

thickened fibrotic pericardium - restricts heart expansion

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14
Q

signs/symptoms ascites

A

may be asymptomatic
abdominal pain/bloating
shortness breath

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15
Q

complementary treatment ascites

A

CAUSE!
no alcohol/salt
diuretics herbs homeopathy

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16
Q

What is classed as hypertension at the Docs and what number is definitely a problem!

A

135/85mmHg or higher

over 200 defo problem!

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17
Q

2 types hypertension

A

primary - over 90%

secondary - result kidney damage/hormone problems (adrenal, thyroid)

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18
Q

why would damaged kidneys lead to hypertension

A

damaged kidneys release vasoconstrictors

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19
Q

causes hypertension

A

inherited
obesity/lack exercise
alcohol/smoking

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20
Q

signs/symptoms hypertension

A

none - silent killer

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21
Q

complementary treatment hypertension

A 
diet, ex, lifestyle, lose wight
avoid salt*, caffeine, stress
magnesium, vit C, B6,9 & 12
massage, acupuncture
herbs - hawthorn, dandelion
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22
Q

complications hypertension

A 
cardiovascular events
chronic kidney disease (CKD)
cognitive decline
premature death
retinal bleeding
cerebral oedema
renal disease
aneurysm
heart failure
stroke
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23
Q

two types heart failure blood pooling

A

left ventricle failure - blood pools in lungs as nowhere to go back to
right ventricle failure - blood pools in tissues/body as nowhere to go back to
(acute/chronic)

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24
Q

hypotension is what

A

low BP - under 90/60mmHg

leads to inadequate blood supply to the brain

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25
Q

what is postural hypotension syncope

A

fainting after standing too quickly

due to delayed response of the baroreceptors to the change in BP on standing

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26
Q

causes hypotension

A

shock
adrenal fatigue
genetics

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27
Q

signs/symptoms

A

unsteadiness/dizziness

light-headedness/fainting

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28
Q

complementary treatment hypotension

A

if required - hydration, salt
smaller meals more often, dry skin brushing
treat adrenal fatigue

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29
Q

why take (good) salts for hypotension

A

to increase blood volume,

ensures water stays in, not weed out

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30
Q

what is heart failure

A

heart fails to pump sufficient blood around body at the right pressure - fails to circulate sufficient blood to meet the needs of the body.

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31
Q

two types heart failure

A

acute - SUDDEN decrease in output of blood from heart
chronic - GRADUAL- heart muscle becomes to weak/stiff to work properly (common in old age)
L or R

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32
Q

general causes acute heart failure

A 
MI
life threatening cardiac arrhythmia 
ischaemic damage from atheroma/thrombosis/pulmonary embolism
rupture heart chamber or valve
acute myocarditis
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33
Q

what is myocarditis

A

acute inflammation response in heart muscle

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34
Q

general causes chronic heart failure

A 
degenerative changes with advancing age
chronic hypertension,
 valve disease
lung disease
smoking
obesity
anaemia
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35
Q

general signs/symptoms acute heart failure

A 
chest pain radiating to jaw/neck/arms/back
shortness of breath
weakness
lightheaded
feeling impending doom
MEDICAL EMERGENCY
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36
Q

general signs symptoms chronic heart failure

A 
may be asymptomatic
enlarged cardiac muscle
water & salt retention*
vasoconstriction*
* to increase blood volume
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37
Q

cause RIGHT sided heart failure

A 
L heart failure
increased vascular resistance 
back pressure from L side (valve probe)
previous heart attack
cannot push blood through lungs
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38
Q

symptoms RIGHT sided heart failure

A 
cannot push blood through lungs - affects liver, spleen, kidneys,
systemic oedema
ascites
portal hypertension
oesophageal varices
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39
Q

cause left sided heart failure

A

hypertension
myocardial weakness
valve problems

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40
Q

symptoms left sided heart failure

A

pulmonary oedema
congestion bronchitis
cardiac asthma - coughing
often most severe at night

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41
Q

allopathic treatment acute heart failure

A 
EMERGENCY
no drinking
]sit
nitro-glycerine sub-lingually
CPR
100mg aspirin
periodic forceful coughs by patient
42
Q

what does CPR stand for

A

caedio pulmonary resuscitation

43
Q

allopathic treatment chronic heart failure

A 
depends on cause
lifestyle changes
drugs
devices
surgery
44
Q

alternative support chronic heart failure

A

diet, ex, lifestyle, lose weight
reduce salt*
hydrate
EFAs, vit E, C, turmeric, gingko, garlic

45
Q

What is STENOSIS

A

narrowing of heart valve opening - usually mitral
causes HEART MURMUR
causes REGURGITATION into previous chamber

46
Q

causes stenosis

A

hereditary

infection causing endocartitis/scarring of valve (rheumatic fever/diptheria)

47
Q

all treatment stenosis

A

TREAT CAUSE
valve repair
treat infection

48
Q

heart attack also known as

A

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI)

49
Q

pathophysiology MI

A

occlusion/blockage blood supply to heart

results in HYPOXIA then NECROSIS

50
Q

Hypoxia definition

A

oxygen deficiency

51
Q

causes Myocardial infarction

A

Atherosclerosis/embolism or both

52
Q

signs/symptoms myocardial infarction

A 
severe chest pain longer than 20 mins
des not improve on rest
dyspnoea
syncope
fatigue
pale clammy skin
53
Q

What else could a Myocardial Infarction be

A

Andina Pectoris

54
Q

What is term for any disorder of heart rate/rhythm

A

arrhythmias

55
Q

5 types arrhythmia

A 
bradycardia - rate below 60
tachycardia - rate over 100
fibrillation - irregular rhythm/force short blood supply
heart block
cardiac arrest
56
Q

2 reasons for bradycardia

A

physiological - atheletes

pathological - after infarction (myocardial or cerebral) or with intracranial pressure

57
Q

infarction definition

A

obstruction of blood supply to tissue or organ, typically from embolus/thrombus causing localised death of tissue

58
Q

what happens in a heart block

A

electrical impulses to heart disrupted - beats slower

SAN gets diseased/damaged AVN takes over

59
Q

in relation to a heart block, what is the stroke rate of the AVN

A

40-60 per minute

below 35-40bpm = deprives blood flow to organs

60
Q

Can the AVN increase the heart rate in response to exercise, drugs, fever?

A

Not v well

61
Q

What is the most common cardiac arrhythmia

A

atrial fibrillation

62
Q

what is atrial fibrillation

A

quivering/uncoordinated, rapid, small

local ATRIAL contractions

63
Q

complications with atrial fibrillation

A

palitations/fainting/chest pain

may lead to congestive heart failure

64
Q

why does atrial fibrillation significantly increase the risk of stroke

A

because blood may pool & form clots in poorly contracting atria

65
Q

what is a cardiac arrest

A

conduction arrest

occurs when heart develops an arrhythmia causing it to stop

66
Q

is cardiac arrest a heart attack

A

no but may cause one

67
Q

Treatment Cardiac arrest

A

CPR for circulatory support until defibrillation

68
Q

what is defibrillation

A

application of electrical current to reset electrical impulses running through auto-rythmic cells

69
Q

What is endocarditis

A

inflammation of inner layer of heart & valves

70
Q

when does endocarditis mostly occur

A

in those with heart defects

71
Q

causes endocarditis

A

infection

72
Q

signs/symptoms endocartidis

A 
fever/chills
paleness
heart murmur
fatigue
aching muscles/joints
night sweats
dyspnoea
persistent cough
swelling in feet/legs/abdomen
wight loss
blood in urine
tenderness in spleen
microbes in blood stream
oslers nodes
petechiae
73
Q

what are osler’s nodes

A

red tender spots under skin on finhers

74
Q

what are petechiae

A

tiny purple/red spots on skin/in mouth/whites of eyes

75
Q

treatment endocarditis

A

intravenous antibiotics

76
Q

alternaive support endocartitis

A

herbs & nutrition

antimicrobials, immune support

77
Q

complications endocarditis

A

septic embolus causing stroke/damage to other organs
fatal if untreated
damage to heart valves/lining could lead to heart failure

78
Q

what is pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardium

79
Q

when does pericarditis mostly occur

A

in those with heart defects

80
Q

causes pericarditis

A 
secondary to - infection
tuberculosis
cancer
heart attack
lupus, R arthritis
trauma
81
Q

signs/symptoms pericarditis

A 
chest pain - better sitting up, worse lying down/breathing deeply
dyspnoea when reclining
fever
weakness
fatigue
nausea
dry cough
oedema
82
Q

allopathic treatment pericarditis

A

rest
NSAIDs
antibiotics if infection
surgical draining if nec

83
Q

complementary support pericarditis

A 
cause
herbs/nutrition
antimicrobials
immune
anti-inflammatory
acupuncture
84
Q

complications pericarditis

A

constrictive pericarditis - permanent thickening/scarring
cardiac tamponade/pericardial effusion - fluid collects in pericardium, puts pressure on heart, stops from properly filling

85
Q

what is shock

A

reduction in circulating blood volume, BP/cardiac output = hypoxia of tissues

86
Q

5 types of shock

A 
hypovolaemic
cardiogenic
septic
neurogenic
anaphylactic shock
87
Q

what is hypovolaemic shock

A 
blood volume reduced by 15-25%
blood/liquid loss from 
haemorrhage
severe burn
vomiting
diarrhoea
organ perforation (bleeding into cavity)
88
Q

what is cardiogenic shock

A

heart muscle can’t maintain cardiac output - acute heart disease (MI)

89
Q

what is septic shock

A

infection = immune/inflammatory response + vasodilation/pooling of blood

90
Q

what is neurogenic shock

A

loss of sympathetic control on BVs & increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart
= dilation of BVs/brachycardia
= reduced cardiac output, blood pooling, faiting

91
Q

what is anaphylactic shock

A 
severe allergic response
 = vasodilation
bronchorestriction
reduced venous return
reduced cardiac output
tissue hypoxia
92
Q

signs/symptoms shock

A

hypoxia - cold, clammy, sweating, cyanosis
faint, weak, drowsy, confusion, anxiety
tachycardia, weak pulse, shallow breathing
hypotension

93
Q

physiological changes shock

A 
body attempts to counteract by - 
vasoconstriction
increased heart rate
water retention
if inefficient = anaerobic respiration
lactic acid build up
acidosis
cellular damage/death
94
Q

Treatment shock

A 
Medical emergency
lay flat, raise legs, helps restore BP
stop bleeding - pressure on wound/tourniquet
anaphylaxis treatment if nec
no food/drink
keep warm with blankets
losen tight clothing
95
Q

what is cyanosis

A

pale, blue skin & lips

96
Q

7 differential diagnoses chest pain

A 
heart disease (angina MI)
pericarditis
pulmonary embolism
oesophageal disease
pneumonia
pneumothorax
pleurisy
97
Q

clinical examination for chest pain

A 
vital signs
temperature
pulse
BP
respiratory rate
cyanosis
clubbing of nails
heart rhythm
98
Q

3 cardiac output-related causes of hypertension

A

Hypervolemia
Stress (sympathetic activation)
pheochromocytoma - rare adrenal gland tumour increases BP

99
Q

what is hypervolemia

A

too much fluid in blood
renal disease
pregnancy preeclampsia
etc

100
Q

7 systemic vascular-resistance - related causes of hypertension

A 
stress
atherosclerosis
renal artery disease
pheochromocytoma
thyroid disfunction
diabetes
cerebral ischeamia
101
Q

narrowing of valve opening known as -

A

stenosis

Cardiovascular 1 (15 decks)

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