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Cardiovascular 1 > Pulse, BP, Cholesterol > Flashcards

Pulse, BP, Cholesterol Flashcards

1
Q

Effect of sympathetic nervous system on whole cardiovascular system

A

increases rate/strength of contraction

constricts BVs

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2
Q

effect of parasympathetic nervous system on whole CV systen

A

decreases rate/strength of contraction

little influence on BVs

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3
Q

Other factors affecting rate/strength of cardio contraction

A 
hormones
age
gender
body position
exercise
stress
temperature
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4
Q

hearts electrical system known as

A

cardiac conduction system

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5
Q

2 nodes in cardiac conduction system

A

Sinoatrial (SA)

Atrioventricular (AV)

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6
Q

Role of SINOATRIAL NODE

A 
INITIATES contraction 
- creates electrical impulse 
- speeds through atria walls = contract
PACE MAKER of heart sets RATE & RYTHM
impulse travels to AV node
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7
Q

Role of ATRIOVENTRICULAR node

A

RELAY STATION
impulses relayed to
ATRIOVENTRICULAR BUNDLE
(Bundle of his)

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8
Q

bottom of heart called

A

apex

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9
Q

Impulse travels from Atrioventricular bundle to

A

R & L bundle branches (RBB & LBB) to APEX

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10
Q

After apex impulse travels -

A

up PURKINJE FIBRES in ventricles = contract

back to SA node - cycle repeats

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11
Q

ECG stands for

A

Electrocardiography

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12
Q

waves of ECG

A

P
QRS
T

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13
Q

how ECG works

A

study size/shape waves
time between waves
rate/regularity beating abnormalities

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14
Q

P waves record

A

electrical activity hearts atria

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15
Q

QRS waves record

A

electrical activity hearts Ventricles

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16
Q

T waves record

A

hearts return to resting state

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17
Q

describe pulse

A

blood pressure wave originating from heart

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18
Q

4 pulse points

A

radial - wrist
carotid - neck
dorsalis pedis - medial to big toe
posterior tibial - superior to medial malleolus

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19
Q

how pulse differs new born - adult

A

slows
newborn 130
ave adult 70-90

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20
Q

What is venous return

A

rate of blood flow back to heart

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21
Q

Venous return relies on 4 things -

A

body position (gravity, feet up etc)
skeletal muscle pump/muscular contraction (GN esp)
respiratory pump
valves

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22
Q

What is systolic blood pressure

or systole

A

measure of BP while heart CONTRACTS

force that drives blood out of heart

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23
Q

what is diastolic BP

or diastole

A

measure of BP while heart RELAXES

normal rhythmically occurring relaxation/dilation of heart

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24
Q

why is BP lower in veins than arteries

A

velocity decreased as get further away from heart,

lumen in vein larger than artery

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25
Q

top/bottom numbers BP

A

top systolic

bottom diastolic

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26
Q

describe skeletal muscle pump

A

muscle action squeezes veins

forces blood back up to heart

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27
Q

Why is a ‘cool down’ important after exercise rather than stopping

A

as gives muscles a chance to squeeze veins = blood back up to heart for reoxygenation

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28
Q

what is respiratory pump

A

breathing movements that force blood to flow to heart

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29
Q

describe muscular movements of respiratory pump which aid venous return

A

INSPIRATION - intercostals>up - diaphragm>down

EXPIRATION - intercostals/diaphagm relax

30
Q

What do valves prevent

A

backflow of blood

31
Q

define tachycardia

A

rapid heart rate >100/min

32
Q

define bradycardia

A

slow heart rate <60-50/min

33
Q

define cardiac output

A

volume of blood being pumped out by heart per minute

34
Q

equation for cardiac output

A

stroke volume x heart rate

35
Q

define cardiac stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped at each beat

36
Q

average cardiac output

A

5 litres per minute

5 L/min

37
Q

What is the push

a force that drives blood out of the heart

A

Systole

38
Q

What is the relax

a normal rhythmically occurring relaxation and dilation of the heart

A

Diastole

39
Q

What is blood pressure

A

Pressure exerted by circulating blood on the blood vessels walls

40
Q

What happens to BP as blood moves around body

A

Progressively decreases as it moves away from heart through arteries then back through veins

41
Q

Normal Uk BP

A

135/85

42
Q

What happens when blood is usher into the Aorta in Systole

A

it expands with force

43
Q

What happens to the aorta in Diastole

A

valve closes, walls retract like elastic bans

forces blood forward/keeps blood moving

44
Q

difference between pulse and BP

A

Pulse is the surge you feel

cannot feel BP

45
Q

Where are receptors for low BP feedback system

A

BARORECEPTORS in arch of aorta/carotid sinus are stretched less

46
Q

where are the control centres for Low BP

A

CV centre in
medulla oblongata,
adrenal medula

47
Q

What is the input from the receceptoes to the control centre in the low blood pressure feedback system

A

decreased rate of nerve impulses

48
Q

what are the effectors in the feedback system for low BP

A

heart - increased stroke volume/rate = more cardiac output

BVs - constriction increases SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE

49
Q

What is CO

A

Cardiac OUtput

50
Q

What is SVR

A

Systemic vascular resistance

51
Q

What is the output of the control centre during feedback system low BP

A

Increased sympathetic NS stimulation

Increased secretion of adrenalin & noradrenalin

52
Q

another term for adrenalin & noradrenalin

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

53
Q

two types cholesterol

A

LDL “bad”

HDL “good”

54
Q

Describe LDL A

A

big & Buoyant
made from fat
harmless

55
Q

Describe LDL B

A

small & dense
made from carbs
harmful

56
Q

which tools do you use to check BP

A

stethoscope

sphygmomanometer

57
Q

where do you find cholesterol

A

in every cell of the body

58
Q

what is cholesterol essential for the health of

A

all cells,
many hormones
Vit D

59
Q

where do we get cholesterol from

A

some from diet

much made in liver

60
Q

Cholesterol is vital but what may happen if you have too much

A

develop fatty deposits in your blood vessels

increases risk of heart disease

61
Q

name condition where you have fatty deposits in your BVs

A

Atheroma/atherosclerosis

62
Q

Why does cholesterol need to be transported around the body

A

it’s a LIPID

hydrophobic

63
Q

how is cholesterol transported around the body

A

via lipoproteins

64
Q

where are lipoproteins made

A

synthesised by the liver

65
Q

what happens if cholesterol too low

A

hormone problems

Vit D probs - affects immune system/bone health

66
Q

LDL stands for

A

Low density Lipoproteins

67
Q

HDL stands for

A

High density lipoproteins

68
Q

job of LDL in body

A

carry cholesterol from liver to cells of body

69
Q

job of HDL in body

A

collects cholesterol from cells to liver

70
Q

Recommended readings for total cholesterol,
non-hdl cholesterol
Triglycerides

A

total chol - less than 9.0 mmol/litre
non hdle chol - less than 7.5 mmil/litre
triglycerides - less than 4.5 mmil/litre

Cardiovascular 1 (15 decks)

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