Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular 1 > Blood pathologies > Flashcards

Blood pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

Anaemia - a deficiency of what

A

red blood cells/faulty or in the haemoglobin content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

general signs/symptoms anaemia

A 
tachycardia, thin pulse
palpitations
shortness of breath
fainting
fatigue
irritability
pallor
yellow eyes
muscular weakness
changed stool colour
hypotension
enlarged spleen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

7 types anaemia

A 
sickle cell
thalessanaemia
iron deficiency
B12/B9 deficiency
Megablastic
Haemolysis
Pernicious anaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Iron deficiency anaemia also known as

A

hypochromic anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Less haemoglobin in the blood causes erythrocytes to appear

A

hypochromic - paler

microcytic - smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

causes hypochromic anaemia

A 
diet/malabsorption of iron 
chronic blood loss
peptic ulcers
prolonged menstruation
intestinal ulceration
hookworm infection
pregnancy childbirth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

signs symptoms hypo chromic anaemia

A 
general anaemia symptoms plus
brittle hair
spoon shaped nails
inflammation mouth/tongue
menstrual irregularities
delayed healing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

complementary treatment hypo chromic anaemia

A

cause!
iron rich food - dark green veg, beetroot, meat
iron supplements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe the erythrocytes in megaloblastic anaemia

A

large
immature
dysfunctional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what two nutrients are required for DNA synthesis

A

B12, folic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what happens to cells if there is a deficiency of B12 & folic acid

A

cells cannot mature & divide but they can grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

causes megaloblastic anaemia

A 
diet deficient in folic acid or b12 or both
lack of intrinsic factor
gastrectomy
chronic gastritis
bariatric surgery
stomach tumours
coeliac disease
excessive alcohol
chemotherapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

most common form of vit B12 deficiency anaemia

A

pernicious anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what type of disease is pernicious anaemia

A

auto immune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens in pernicious anaemia

A

antibodies destroy instrinsic factor (IF) and parietal cells in the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why does B12 need intrinsic factor ?

A

It activates it in the body
IF made in stomach
why gastric bands a bad idea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In megaloblastic anaemia how is b12 deficiency anaemia different to B9 defic. anaemia

A

B9 identical to B12 but NO NEUROLOGICAL DAMAGE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when does your need for B9 increase

A

pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

treatment magaloblastic B9 deficiency anaemia

A

folate supplementation - green plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

could pernicious be the cause of megaloblastic anamia

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

to avoid anaemia always check the following 3 supplement are in your diet

A

B12 9

Iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

a lack of B12 can lead to what problems

A

nerve neurological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

megaloblastic anaemia vit B12 def. symptoms

A 
general anaemia symptoms
plus big red sore shiny tongue, 
cuts side of mouth
digestive discomfort
nausea
diarrhoea
loss of coordination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

complications B12 def megaloblastic anaemia

A

Nerve degeneration - not B9

Ulceration of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

treatment B12 def megaloblastic anaemia

A

B12 injections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

hypoplastic & aplastic anaemia mean

A

no or few erythrocytes in the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

causes hypoplastic/aplastic anaemia

A

bone marrow failure - drugs, chemicals, radiation, kidney disease, cancer, hepatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

symptoms hypoplastic/aplastic anaemia

A

pancytopenia
general anaemia symptoms
multiple infections - low white blood cell count
easy bleeding - low thrombocyte count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

complications hypoplastic/aplastic anaemia

A

congestive heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

treatment hypo plastic/aplastic anaemia -

A

cause
blood transfusion
bone marrow transplant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are haemolytic anaemias

A

anaemia resulting from EXCESSIVE BREAKDOWN of RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

causes haemolytic anaemias

A 
genetic (sickle cell, thalassaemia)
drugs, chemicals, radiation
malaria
autoimmune
incompatibility between mother/child
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

symptoms of haemolytic anaemias

A 
general symptoms plus
jaundice
gallstones
enlarged spleen
delayed growth/development
frequent infections
vascular occlusions
34
Q

treatment haemolytic anaemias

A

traet cause, blood transfusion, bone marrow transplant

35
Q

what disease does sickle cell anaemia protect against

A

malaria

36
Q

what is sickle cell anaemia

A

haemolytic anaemia
inherited/genetic abnormality of haemoglobin
sickle shaped DEOXYGENATED erythrocytes

37
Q

how long do sickle cell anaemia erythrocytes live

A

only 20 days - not long enough for malaria

leads to low numbers

38
Q

what is there a higher risk of forming with sickle cell anaemia

A

thrombus

39
Q

sickle cell anaemia more common in

A

africans

40
Q

what is splenomegaly

A

enlarged spleen

41
Q

which type of gene passes on thalassaemia (haemolytic anaemia)

A

RECESSIVE

42
Q

thalassaemia results in faulty

A

haemoglobin

43
Q

thalassaemia more common in

A

african, south asian, mediterraneans

44
Q

thalassaemia leads to

A

HAEMOLYSIS
low RBCs
low HAEMOGLOBINS

45
Q

what does the mother make in haemolytic disease of the newborn

A

antibodies to the baby’s erythrocytes - usually with rhesus factor incompatibility

46
Q

what happens with the babies in haemolytic disease of the newborn

A

sensitisation with first baby,

attacks baby 2 and subsequent

47
Q

which parasite causes malaria

A

plasmodium

48
Q

where does the plasmodium parasite mature

A

inside RBC which enlarge and eventually rupture

releasing next gen of parasites

49
Q

polycythaemia also known as

A

erythrocytosis

50
Q

what is polycythaemia/erythrocytosis

A

too many erythrocytes

51
Q

what does polycythaemia/erythrocytosis result in

A

increased bloof viscosity
reduced blood flow
increased risk of thrombosis

52
Q

physiological cause of polycythaemia

A

high altitude

53
Q

symptoms polycythaemia

A 
asymptomatic if mild
hypertension
red skin
headaches
dizziness
bleeding problems
54
Q

difference ischaemia/hypoxia

A

hypoxia deficient oxygen to tissue

ischaemia deficient blood

55
Q

complications polycthaemia

A

blood clots/heart attacks

56
Q

treatment polycythaemia

A

cause

prevent clots

57
Q

what is granulocytopenia

A

DECREASE in no of granulocyte WBCs

58
Q

causes granulocytopenia

A 
drugs
radiation
bone marrow diseases
severe infections
HIV/AIDS
59
Q

symptoms granulocytopenia

A

severe illness

necrosis of mucous tissues

60
Q

treatment granulocytopenia

A

cause

support immunity - echinacea, vit C, A, D zinc

61
Q

what is the marked INCREASE in the number of granulocyte WBCs known as

A

Leukocytosis

62
Q

what is leukaemia

A

a form of bone marrow cancer - increases WBCs suppresses production of erythrocytes & thrombocytes

63
Q

4 types leukaemia

A

lymphoblastic/lymphocytic - acute/chronic

myeloid/myelogenous - acute/chronic

64
Q

symptoms leukaemia

A 
illness
anaemia, pallor, shortness breath
easy bruising
fever 
fatigue
weight loss
slow growth
slow healing
65
Q

allopathic treatment leukaemia

A

3 phases of chemotherapy -
remission induction
consolidation
maintenance therapy

66
Q

most serious form of leukaemia

A

chronic myeloid - usually death in 5 years

chronics usually worse than acute

67
Q

what is the condition known as where you have low numbers of thrombocytes caused by bone marrow suppression

A

thrombocytopenia

68
Q

symptoms thrombocytopenia

A

prolonged bleeding
excessive bruising
purpura/petechiae

69
Q

casuses thrombocytopenia

A

leukaemia
radiation/drugs/chemo
measles/hepatitis
autoimmune destruction

70
Q

name for genetic condition - low numbers thrombocytes

A

haemophilia

71
Q

difference haemophilia/thrombocytopenia

A

thrombo - bone marrow suppression by drugs/illness

haemo - genetic

72
Q

symptoms haemophilia

A

prolonged/severe bleeding
blood in urine/faeces
haemarthrosis - bleeding in joints

73
Q

causes haemophilia

A

genetic - deficiency clotting factors

74
Q

what genetic pattern does haemophilia follow

A

X LINKED RECESSIVE -

75
Q

haemophilia more common in which gender

A

boys

76
Q

treatment haemophilia

A

replace clotting factors - no cure

77
Q

Which is most common of all inherited bleeding disorders

A

Von Willebrand Disease vWD

78
Q

What is Von Willebrand Disease

A

vWF factor - a coagulation protein is deficient or abnormal

79
Q

symptoms von willebrand disease

A

usually asymptomatic
detected more in women with heavy periods/blood loss childbirth
varying degrees of bleeding tendency - easy bruising, nose bleeds, gum bleeds

80
Q

causes

A

genetic

81
Q

genetic pattern of Von Willebrand Disease

A

autosomal dominant - affects M/F equally

Cardiovascular 1 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions