Blood pathologies Flashcards
Anaemia - a deficiency of what
red blood cells/faulty or in the haemoglobin content
general signs/symptoms anaemia
tachycardia, thin pulse palpitations shortness of breath fainting fatigue irritability pallor yellow eyes muscular weakness changed stool colour hypotension enlarged spleen
7 types anaemia
sickle cell thalessanaemia iron deficiency B12/B9 deficiency Megablastic Haemolysis Pernicious anaemia
Iron deficiency anaemia also known as
hypochromic anaemia
Less haemoglobin in the blood causes erythrocytes to appear
hypochromic - paler
microcytic - smaller
causes hypochromic anaemia
diet/malabsorption of iron chronic blood loss peptic ulcers prolonged menstruation intestinal ulceration hookworm infection pregnancy childbirth
signs symptoms hypo chromic anaemia
general anaemia symptoms plus brittle hair spoon shaped nails inflammation mouth/tongue menstrual irregularities delayed healing
complementary treatment hypo chromic anaemia
cause!
iron rich food - dark green veg, beetroot, meat
iron supplements
describe the erythrocytes in megaloblastic anaemia
large
immature
dysfunctional
what two nutrients are required for DNA synthesis
B12, folic acid
what happens to cells if there is a deficiency of B12 & folic acid
cells cannot mature & divide but they can grow
causes megaloblastic anaemia
diet deficient in folic acid or b12 or both lack of intrinsic factor gastrectomy chronic gastritis bariatric surgery stomach tumours coeliac disease excessive alcohol chemotherapy
most common form of vit B12 deficiency anaemia
pernicious anaemia
what type of disease is pernicious anaemia
auto immune
what happens in pernicious anaemia
antibodies destroy instrinsic factor (IF) and parietal cells in the stomach
why does B12 need intrinsic factor ?
It activates it in the body
IF made in stomach
why gastric bands a bad idea
In megaloblastic anaemia how is b12 deficiency anaemia different to B9 defic. anaemia
B9 identical to B12 but NO NEUROLOGICAL DAMAGE
when does your need for B9 increase
pregnancy
treatment magaloblastic B9 deficiency anaemia
folate supplementation - green plants
could pernicious be the cause of megaloblastic anamia
yes
to avoid anaemia always check the following 3 supplement are in your diet
B12 9
Iron
a lack of B12 can lead to what problems
nerve neurological
megaloblastic anaemia vit B12 def. symptoms
general anaemia symptoms plus big red sore shiny tongue, cuts side of mouth digestive discomfort nausea diarrhoea loss of coordination
complications B12 def megaloblastic anaemia
Nerve degeneration - not B9
Ulceration of tongue
treatment B12 def megaloblastic anaemia
B12 injections
hypoplastic & aplastic anaemia mean
no or few erythrocytes in the bone marrow
causes hypoplastic/aplastic anaemia
bone marrow failure - drugs, chemicals, radiation, kidney disease, cancer, hepatitis
symptoms hypoplastic/aplastic anaemia
pancytopenia
general anaemia symptoms
multiple infections - low white blood cell count
easy bleeding - low thrombocyte count
complications hypoplastic/aplastic anaemia
congestive heart failure
treatment hypo plastic/aplastic anaemia -
cause
blood transfusion
bone marrow transplant
what are haemolytic anaemias
anaemia resulting from EXCESSIVE BREAKDOWN of RBCs
causes haemolytic anaemias
genetic (sickle cell, thalassaemia) drugs, chemicals, radiation malaria autoimmune incompatibility between mother/child
symptoms of haemolytic anaemias
general symptoms plus jaundice gallstones enlarged spleen delayed growth/development frequent infections vascular occlusions
treatment haemolytic anaemias
traet cause, blood transfusion, bone marrow transplant
what disease does sickle cell anaemia protect against
malaria
what is sickle cell anaemia
haemolytic anaemia
inherited/genetic abnormality of haemoglobin
sickle shaped DEOXYGENATED erythrocytes
how long do sickle cell anaemia erythrocytes live
only 20 days - not long enough for malaria
leads to low numbers
what is there a higher risk of forming with sickle cell anaemia
thrombus
sickle cell anaemia more common in
africans
what is splenomegaly
enlarged spleen
which type of gene passes on thalassaemia (haemolytic anaemia)
RECESSIVE
thalassaemia results in faulty
haemoglobin
thalassaemia more common in
african, south asian, mediterraneans
thalassaemia leads to
HAEMOLYSIS
low RBCs
low HAEMOGLOBINS
what does the mother make in haemolytic disease of the newborn
antibodies to the baby’s erythrocytes - usually with rhesus factor incompatibility
what happens with the babies in haemolytic disease of the newborn
sensitisation with first baby,
attacks baby 2 and subsequent
which parasite causes malaria
plasmodium
where does the plasmodium parasite mature
inside RBC which enlarge and eventually rupture
releasing next gen of parasites
polycythaemia also known as
erythrocytosis
what is polycythaemia/erythrocytosis
too many erythrocytes
what does polycythaemia/erythrocytosis result in
increased bloof viscosity
reduced blood flow
increased risk of thrombosis
physiological cause of polycythaemia
high altitude
symptoms polycythaemia
asymptomatic if mild hypertension red skin headaches dizziness bleeding problems
difference ischaemia/hypoxia
hypoxia deficient oxygen to tissue
ischaemia deficient blood
complications polycthaemia
blood clots/heart attacks
treatment polycythaemia
cause
prevent clots
what is granulocytopenia
DECREASE in no of granulocyte WBCs
causes granulocytopenia
drugs radiation bone marrow diseases severe infections HIV/AIDS
symptoms granulocytopenia
severe illness
necrosis of mucous tissues
treatment granulocytopenia
cause
support immunity - echinacea, vit C, A, D zinc
what is the marked INCREASE in the number of granulocyte WBCs known as
Leukocytosis
what is leukaemia
a form of bone marrow cancer - increases WBCs suppresses production of erythrocytes & thrombocytes
4 types leukaemia
lymphoblastic/lymphocytic - acute/chronic
myeloid/myelogenous - acute/chronic
symptoms leukaemia
illness anaemia, pallor, shortness breath easy bruising fever fatigue weight loss slow growth slow healing
allopathic treatment leukaemia
3 phases of chemotherapy -
remission induction
consolidation
maintenance therapy
most serious form of leukaemia
chronic myeloid - usually death in 5 years
chronics usually worse than acute
what is the condition known as where you have low numbers of thrombocytes caused by bone marrow suppression
thrombocytopenia
symptoms thrombocytopenia
prolonged bleeding
excessive bruising
purpura/petechiae
casuses thrombocytopenia
leukaemia
radiation/drugs/chemo
measles/hepatitis
autoimmune destruction
name for genetic condition - low numbers thrombocytes
haemophilia
difference haemophilia/thrombocytopenia
thrombo - bone marrow suppression by drugs/illness
haemo - genetic
symptoms haemophilia
prolonged/severe bleeding
blood in urine/faeces
haemarthrosis - bleeding in joints
causes haemophilia
genetic - deficiency clotting factors
what genetic pattern does haemophilia follow
X LINKED RECESSIVE -
haemophilia more common in which gender
boys
treatment haemophilia
replace clotting factors - no cure
Which is most common of all inherited bleeding disorders
Von Willebrand Disease vWD
What is Von Willebrand Disease
vWF factor - a coagulation protein is deficient or abnormal
symptoms von willebrand disease
usually asymptomatic
detected more in women with heavy periods/blood loss childbirth
varying degrees of bleeding tendency - easy bruising, nose bleeds, gum bleeds
causes
genetic
genetic pattern of Von Willebrand Disease
autosomal dominant - affects M/F equally
